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3-aminopropionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-aminopropionate + NADH + H+
4-aminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-aminobutyrate + NADH + H+
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4-aminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-aminobutyric acid + NADH + H+
betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + 2 H+
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + H+
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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r
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
betaine + NADPH + H+
betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADPH + H+
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ir
additional information
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3-aminopropionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-aminopropionate + NADH + H+
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3-aminopropionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-aminopropionate + NADH + H+
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4-aminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-aminobutyric acid + NADH + H+
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4-aminobutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-aminobutyric acid + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + H+
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NAD(P)H + H+
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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enzyme catalyzes the final irreversible step in the synthesis of glycine betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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the enzyme is involved in the metabolism of choline, induced during growth on choline
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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the enzyme is involved in the metabolism of choline, induced during growth on choline
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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enzyme of the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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the salt tolerance is an essential property for the enzyme participating in the cellular synthesis of an osmoprotectant
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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enzyme catalyzes the last, irreversible step in the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline, also obligatory step in the assimilation of carbon and nitrogen when bacteria are growing in choline or choline precursors
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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inducible enzyme accumulates in the presence of choline, acetylcholine or betaine in the medium
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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inducible enzyme accumulates in the presence of choline, acetylcholine or betaine in the medium
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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the enzyme has an important function in the metabolism of choline to betaine, a major osmolyte. Betaine is also important in mammalian organisms as a major methyl group donor and nitrogen source
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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the age-related acceleration in conversion of choline into betaine probably tends to diminish unesterified choline concentrations
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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enzyme is induced several-fold by salinization
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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enzyme is induced several-fold by salinization
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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synthesis of betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH
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last step in betaine synthesis, a nontoxic or protective osmolyte under saline or dry conditions
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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accumulation of betaine is a strategy of plants to survive drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
Vallaris sp.
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + 2 H+
Q53CF4
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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regulates osmotic pressure and protects enzyme activities; the transgenic plants have a higher accumulation of betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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the enzyme catalyzes the second step in the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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the osmoprotective compound glycine betaine is produced from choline by two enzymes. Choline dehydrogenase oxidizes choline to betaine aldehyde and then further to glycine betaine, while betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase facilitates the conversion of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
belongs to the NAD-dependent dehydrogenase family, characterized by the typical aldehyde substrate binding domain
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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barley plants synthesize GB through catalytic reaction of the functional BADH protein, even though a large number of incorrectly processed BADH transcripts observed may considerably reduce the precise gene.
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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barley plants synthesize glycine betaine through catalytic reaction of the functional BADH protein, even though a large number of incorrectly processed BADH transcripts observe in this study may considerably reduce the precise gene
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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glycine betaine is not only an nontoxic osmoprotectant but also maintains protein and membrane conformations under various stress conditions
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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the appropriate level of glycine betaine may be regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Namely, the transcription is induced abundantly in response to the osmotic stresses, while the proper amount of precise gene products is balanced by posttranscriptional processing
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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the appropriate level of glycine may be regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels; namely, the transcription is induced abundantly in response to the osmotic stresses, while the proper amount of precise gene products is balanced by posttranscriptional processing
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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ir
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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Results demonstrate that accumulation of glycine betaine in vivo in the chloroplast in tobacco plants by introducing the BADH gene for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from spinach resulted in increased tolerance of growth of young seedlings to salt stress. Furthermore results demonstrate that accumulation of glycine betaine in vivo leads to increased tolerance of CO2 assimilation to salt stress.
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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accumulated in many species in response to salt stress. It protects the cell by maintaining an osmotic balance with the environment and by stabilizing quaternary structure of complex proteins
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
glycine betaine synthesis; two-step oxidation involving choline monooxygenase and BADH
recombinant yeasts transformed with the two genes CMO and BADH exhibited higher tolerance to salt, methanol and high temperature stress.
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycine betaine + NADH + H+
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betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
betaine + NADPH + H+
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?
betaine aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
betaine + NADPH + H+
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?
additional information
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the presence of a dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. By contrast, the recessive allele badh2-E7, induces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation
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additional information
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the presence of a dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. By contrast, the recessive allele badh2-E7, induces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation
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additional information
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the presence of a dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. By contrast, the recessive allele badh2-E7, induces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation
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additional information
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the presence of a dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. By contrast, the recessive allele badh2-E7, induces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation
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additional information
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; the presence of a dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. By contrast, the recessive allele, badh2-E2, induces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation
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additional information
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; the presence of a dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. By contrast, the recessive allele, badh2-E2, induces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation
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additional information
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; the presence of a dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. By contrast, the recessive allele, badh2-E2, induces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation
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?
additional information
?
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; the presence of a dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. By contrast, the recessive allele, badh2-E2, induces 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation
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?
additional information
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dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. Because the absence of BADH2 protein results in fragrance, this suggests that Badh2 is not directly involved in biosynthesis. Alternative possibilities to explain the effect of BADH2 are that the BADH2 enzyme is involved in a competing pathway in which one of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline precursors serves as a BADH2 substrate or that BADH2 participates in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline catabolism. The intact 503 amino acid BADH2 encoded by the complete Badh2 gene inhibits 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis by converting 4-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-aminobutyric acid, whereas the absence of BADH2 due to nonfunctional badh2 alleles results in AB-ald accumulation and thus turns on the pathway toward 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis.
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additional information
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dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. Because the absence of BADH2 protein results in fragrance, this suggests that Badh2 is not directly involved in biosynthesis. Alternative possibilities to explain the effect of BADH2 are that the BADH2 enzyme is involved in a competing pathway in which one of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline precursors serves as a BADH2 substrate or that BADH2 participates in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline catabolism. The intact 503 amino acid BADH2 encoded by the complete Badh2 gene inhibits 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis by converting 4-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-aminobutyric acid, whereas the absence of BADH2 due to nonfunctional badh2 alleles results in AB-ald accumulation and thus turns on the pathway toward 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis.
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additional information
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dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. Because the absence of BADH2 protein results in fragrance, this suggests that Badh2 is not directly involved in biosynthesis. Alternative possibilities to explain the effect of BADH2 are that the BADH2 enzyme is involved in a competing pathway in which one of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline precursors serves as a BADH2 substrate or that BADH2 participates in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline catabolism. The intact 503 amino acid BADH2 encoded by the complete Badh2 gene inhibits 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis by converting 4-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-aminobutyric acid, whereas the absence of BADH2 due to nonfunctional badh2 alleles results in AB-ald accumulation and thus turns on the pathway toward 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis.
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additional information
?
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dominant Badh2 allele encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor component in rice fragrance. Because the absence of BADH2 protein results in fragrance, this suggests that Badh2 is not directly involved in biosynthesis. Alternative possibilities to explain the effect of BADH2 are that the BADH2 enzyme is involved in a competing pathway in which one of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline precursors serves as a BADH2 substrate or that BADH2 participates in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline catabolism. The intact 503 amino acid BADH2 encoded by the complete Badh2 gene inhibits 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis by converting 4-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-aminobutyric acid, whereas the absence of BADH2 due to nonfunctional badh2 alleles results in AB-ald accumulation and thus turns on the pathway toward 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis.
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additional information
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ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
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additional information
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ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
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additional information
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betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene expression in leaves increases with salt stress
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additional information
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betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene expression in leaves increases with salt stress
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