1.1.1.431 2-deoxy-D-galactose + NADH - ? - ? 403526 1.1.1.431 2-deoxy-D-galactose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 403527 1.1.1.431 2-deoxy-D-glucose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 403529 1.1.1.431 2-deoxy-D-ribose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 403531 1.1.1.431 5,6-dideoxy-5,6-difluoro-D-glucofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462117 1.1.1.431 5,6-dideoxy-5-fluoro-D-glucofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462119 1.1.1.431 5,6-dideoxy-6-fluoro-D-xylo-hexofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462121 1.1.1.431 5,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462124 1.1.1.431 5-azido-5-deoxy-D-xylofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462132 1.1.1.431 5-deoxy-D-xylofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462136 1.1.1.431 5-fluoro-5-deoxy-D-xylofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462139 1.1.1.431 5-hydroxymethylfurfural + NADH + H+ low activity (furan-2,5-diyl)dimethanol + NAD+ - r 396015 1.1.1.431 6-azido-5,6-dideoxy-5-fluoro-D-glucofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462158 1.1.1.431 6-azido-5,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hexofuranose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462160 1.1.1.431 acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ - ethanol + NAD+ - r 139564 1.1.1.431 benzaldehyde + NADH + H+ best substrate benzyl alcohol + NAD+ - r 384256 1.1.1.431 butanal + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 404565 1.1.1.431 cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462392 1.1.1.431 D-erythrose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 404792 1.1.1.431 D-erythrose + NADPH + H+ - erythritol + NADP+ - r 404794 1.1.1.431 D-fructose + NADPH + H+ - sorbitol + NADP+ - r 458600 1.1.1.431 D-fucose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 404804 1.1.1.431 D-galactose + NADH - ? - ? 404811 1.1.1.431 D-galactose + NADH + H+ 48% of the activity compared to D-xylose (with NADH as cofactor) ? - ? 404810 1.1.1.431 D-galactose + NADH + H+ 53% of the activity with D-xylose ? + NAD+ - ? 439402 1.1.1.431 D-galactose + NADPH + H+ D-xylose reductase 1: 49% of the activity with D-xylose, D-xylose reductase 2: 40% of the activity with D-xylose, D-xylose reductase 3: 33% of the activity with D-xylose ? - ? 404812 1.1.1.431 D-galactose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 404812 1.1.1.431 D-galactose + NADPH + H+ - galactitol + NADP+ - r 458602 1.1.1.431 D-galactose + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462406 1.1.1.431 D-glucose + NADH - ? - ? 187200 1.1.1.431 D-glucose + NADH + H+ 10 of the activity compared to D-xylose (with NADH as cofactor) ? - ? 404830 1.1.1.431 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ D-xylose reductase 1: 10% of the activity with D-xylose, D-xylose reductase 2: 11% of the activity with D-xylose, D-xylose reductase 3: 11% of the activity with D-xylose ? - ? 404832 1.1.1.431 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 404832 1.1.1.431 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ 38% of the activity with D-xylose ? + NADP+ - ? 439421 1.1.1.431 D-glucose + NADPH + H+ - glucitol + NADP+ - r 458607 1.1.1.431 D-glyceraldehyde + NADH - ? - ? 404842 1.1.1.431 D-lyxose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 404870 1.1.1.431 D-mannose + NADH + H+ 8% of the activity compared to D-xylose (with NADH as cofactor) ? - ? 404876 1.1.1.431 D-ribose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 404901 1.1.1.431 D-ribose + NADPH + H+ 84% of the activity with D-xylose ? + NADP+ - ? 439459 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+ - xylitol + NAD(P)+ - ? 402590 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+ xylose reductase, using either NADH or NADPH, reduces D-xylose to xylitol, subsequently xylitol is oxidized to D-xylulose by a NAD+-linked xylulose dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.9 xylitol + NAD(P)+ - ? 402590 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADH + H+ - xylitol + NAD+ - ? 402591 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADH + H+ - xylitol + NAD+ - r 402591 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADH + H+ NADPH is the preferred cofactor xylitol + NAD+ - ? 402591 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADH + H+ kcat of wilde-type enzyme increases by a factor of 1.73 when NADPH replaces NADH xylitol + NAD+ - r 402591 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADH + H+ reaction is catalyzed by dual specific xylose reductase (dsXR), reaction is not catalyzed by NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase (msXR) xylitol + NAD+ - ? 402591 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADH + H+ using a modified iterative protein redesign and optimization workflow, a sets of mutations is identified that change the nicotinamide cofactor specificity of xylose reductase (CbXR) from its physiological preference for NADPH, to the alternate cofactor NADH xylitol + NAD+ - ? 402591 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADPH + H+ - xylitol + NADP+ - ? 402593 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADPH + H+ - xylitol + NADP+ - r 402593 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADPH + H+ kcat of wild-type enzyme increases by a factor of 1.73 when NADPH replaces NADH xylitol + NADP+ - r 402593 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADPH + H+ kinetic mechanism of xylose reductase is iso-ordered bi bi xylitol + NADP+ - ? 402593 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADPH + H+ NADPH is the preferred cofactor, specific for D-xylose xylitol + NADP+ - ? 402593 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADPH + H+ reaction is catalyzed by NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase (msXR), and by dual specific xylose reductase (dsXR) xylitol + NADP+ - ? 402593 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADPH + H+ using a modified iterative protein redesign and optimization workflow, a sets of mutations is identified that change the nicotinamide cofactor specificity of xylose reductase (CbXR) from its physiological preference for NADPH, to the alternate cofactor NADH xylitol + NADP+ - ? 402593 1.1.1.431 D-xylose + NADPH + H+ D-xylose binding mode of SsXR is elucidated by molecular docking simulations of SsXR with the D-xylose substrate revealing that D-xylose fits well into the predicted substrate binding pocket. The D-xylose binding pocket consists of 10 residues: Trp20, Asp47, Trp79, His110, Phe111, Phe128, Phe221, Leu224, Asn306, and Trp311. The Asp47 residue contributes to the stabilization of two hydroxyl groups (OH2 and OH3), and the aldehyde group of D-xylose is stabilized by Asn306 through hydrogen bonding. The residues involved in formation of the D-xylose binding pocket are confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis experiments xylitol + NADP+ - r 402593 1.1.1.431 DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+ D-xylose reductase 1: 200% of the activity with D-xylose, D-xylose reductase 2: 268% of the activity with D-xylose, D-xylose reductase 3: 143% of the activity with D-xylose glycerol + NADP+ - ? 383130 1.1.1.431 DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase glycerol + NADP+ - ? 383130 1.1.1.431 furfural + NADH + H+ - (furan-2-yl)methanol + NAD+ - r 423533 1.1.1.431 L-arabinose + NADPH + H+ D-xylose reductase 1: 117% of the activity with D-xylose, D-xylose reductase 2: 120% of the activity with D-xylose, D-xylose reductase 3: 101% of the activity with D-xylose L-arabinitol + NADP+ - ? 405556 1.1.1.431 L-arabinose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase L-arabinitol + NADP+ - ? 405556 1.1.1.431 L-arabinose + NADPH + H+ 79% of the activity with D-xylose L-arabinitol + NADP+ - ? 405556 1.1.1.431 L-arabinose + NADPH + H+ - L-arabitol + NADP+ - ? 405558 1.1.1.431 L-arabinose + NADPH + H+ - arabitol + NADP+ - r 458655 1.1.1.431 L-lyxose + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 405622 1.1.1.431 L-threose + NADPH + H+ - threitol + NADP+ - r 459780 1.1.1.431 additional information Candida intermedia produces two isoforms of xylose reductase: one is NADPH-dependent (monospecific xylose reductase, msXR), and another prefers NADH about 4fold over NADPH (dual specific xylose reductase, dsXR) ? - - 89 1.1.1.431 additional information in vitro the enzyme also catalyzes the reduction of ketones ? - ? 89 1.1.1.431 additional information analysis and comparison of activities of differently expressed recombinant enzymes in xylitol production through whole-cell catalysis from pure xylose and glucose ? - - 89 1.1.1.431 additional information Gre3 is generally described as aldose reductase, the enzyme is not particularly specific for xylose but has significant activity with other sugars, as well ? - - 89 1.1.1.431 additional information specific activity analysis of Aspergillus niger XyrB shows that the enzyme is able to convert a wide range of sugars and polyols. XyrB shows the highest specific activity towards D-galactose, D-xylose and L-arabinose. The enzyme is also active with D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, L-sorbose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, L-xylose, and L-rhamnose in the reductive reaction, and with ribitol, D-arabitol, sorbitol, mannitol, and glycerol in the oxidative reaction ? - - 89 1.1.1.431 additional information the bottleneck of the enzyme activity in SsXR appears to be the binding affinity for D-xylose ? - - 89 1.1.1.431 additional information the enzyme displays the highest catalytic efficiency for L-threose, followed by D-erythrose. DnXR exhibits broad substrate specificity, with the highest catalytic efficiency for C5 sugars like arabinose, xylose, and ribose and a strict preference for cosubstrate NADPH ? - - 89 1.1.1.431 additional information the enzyme prefers NADPH as cofactor and shows broad substrate specificity, cf. EC 1.1.1.21. The enzyme is active with D-erythrose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-xylose, D-lyxose, D-allose, D-altrose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-gulose, D-idose, and D-galactose. o activity with D-talose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose, and xylobiose ? - - 89 1.1.1.431 oenanthaldehyde + NADPH + H+ - ? + NADP+ - ? 462860 1.1.1.431 pentanal + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 406351 1.1.1.431 propionaldehyde + NADPH + H+ NADPH-dependent monospecific xylose reductase ? - ? 406480 1.1.1.431 xylitol + NAD+ - D-xylose + NADH + H+ - r 406890 1.1.1.431 xylitol + NAD+ low activity with NAD(H) D-xylose + NADH + H+ - r 406890 1.1.1.431 xylitol + NADP+ - D-xylose + NADPH + H+ - r 422142 1.1.1.431 xylulose + NADH + H+ - ? + NAD+ - r 424369