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Literature summary extracted from

  • Isobe, K.; Ogawa, T.; Hirose, K.; Yokoi, T.; Yoshimura, T.; Hemmi, H.
    Geranylgeranyl reductase and ferredoxin from Methanosarcina acetivorans are required for the synthesis of fully reduced archaeal membrane lipid in Escherichia coli cells (2014), J. Bacteriol., 196, 417-423 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.3.7.11 gene MA_1484, cloned as MA1485-MA1484 tandem genes encoding a ferredoxin-like protein and a GGR homologue, respectively, MA1485 just upstream from MA1484. Recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain TOP10 in inclusion bodies, co-expression with ferredoin is required for activity, or coexpression with geranylgeranyl reductase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, which can, by itself, replace both its orthologue and ferredoxin from Methanosarcina acetivorans for phospholipid biosynthetic activity in Escherichia coli. Phentyype of transgenic Escherichia coli cells Methanosarcina acetivorans

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.3.7.11 additional information successful production of an intact archaeal membrane lipid, which has fully saturated isoprenoid chains, in bacterial cells, by heterologous expression of the enzyme from Methanosarcina acetivorans, overview. Introduction of six phospholipid biosynthetic genes from a methanogenic archaeon, Methanosarcina acetivorans, in Escherichia coli enables the host bacterium to synthesize the archaeal lipid, i.e. diphytanylglyceryl phosphoglycerol, while a glycerol modification of the phosphate group that is probably catalyzed by endogenous Escherichia coli enzymes. Reduction of the isoprenoid chains occurs only when archaeal ferredoxin is expressed with geranylgeranyl reductase, suggesting the role of ferredoxin as a specific electron donor for the reductase. Geranylgeranyl reductase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius can, by itself, replace both its orthologue and ferredoxin from Methanosarcina acetivorans, which indicates that an endogenous redox system of Escherichia coli reduces the enzyme Methanosarcina acetivorans

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.3.7.11 a 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster Methanosarcina acetivorans
-
 a 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 16 H+
-
 ?
1.3.7.11 a 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster Methanosarcina acetivorans DSM 2834
-
 a 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 16 H+
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.3.7.11 Methanosarcina acetivorans Q8TQQ6
-
-
1.3.7.11 Methanosarcina acetivorans DSM 2834 Q8TQQ6
-
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.3.7.11 a 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
 Methanosarcina acetivorans a 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 16 H+
-
 ?
1.3.7.11 a 2,3-bis-(O-phytanyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
 Methanosarcina acetivorans DSM 2834 a 2,3-bis-(O-geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-phospholipid + 16 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 16 H+
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.3.7.11 digeranylgeranylglycerophospholipid reductase UniProt Methanosarcina acetivorans
1.3.7.11 geranylgeranyl reductase
-
 Methanosarcina acetivorans
1.3.7.11 GGR
-
 Methanosarcina acetivorans
1.3.7.11 MA1484
-
 Methanosarcina acetivorans
1.3.7.11 MA_1484
-
 Methanosarcina acetivorans

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.3.7.11 Ferredoxin dependent on, encoded by gene MA_1485, role of ferredoxin as a specific electron donor for the reductase Methanosarcina acetivorans

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.3.7.11 physiological function the enzyme is essential in phospholipid biosynthesis. Reduction of the isoprenoid chains occurs only when archaeal ferredoxin is expressed with geranylgeranyl reductase, suggesting the role of ferredoxin as a specific electron donor for the reductase Methanosarcina acetivorans