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Literature summary for 1.1.1.21 extracted from

  • Zhang, Q.; Bian, G.; Chen, P.; Liu, L.; Yu, C.; Liu, F.; Xue, Q.; Chung, S.K.; Song, B.; Ju, G.; Wang, J.
    Aldose reductase regulates microglia/macrophages polarization through the cAMP response element-binding protein after spinal cord injury in mice (2016), Mol. Neurobiol., 53, 662-676.
    View publication on PubMed
Search for more literature for 1.1.1.21

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment) Organism
gene AKR1B1, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis in wild-type and mutant mice Mus musculus

Protein Variants

Protein Variants Comment Organism
additional information construction of enzyme knockout mutant mice Mus musculus

Inhibitors

Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
fidarestat
-
 Mus musculus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+ Mus musculus
-
 4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
 ?
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+ Mus musculus C57BL/6
-
 4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
 ?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ Mus musculus
-
 sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+ Mus musculus C57BL/6
-
 sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Mus musculus P45376
-
-
Mus musculus C57BL/6 P45376
-
-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
astrocyte
-
 Mus musculus
-
BV-2 cell
-
 Mus musculus
-
cerebral cortex
-
 Mus musculus
-
macrophage
-
 Mus musculus
-
microglia
-
 Mus musculus
-
N-9 cell
-
 Mus musculus
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
-
 Mus musculus 4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
 ?
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
-
 Mus musculus C57BL/6 4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
 ?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
-
 Mus musculus sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
-
 Mus musculus C57BL/6 sorbitol + NADP+
-
 ?

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
AKR1B1
-
 Mus musculus
aldose reductase
-
 Mus musculus

Expression

Organism Comment Expression
Mus musculus expression of enzyme aldose reductase is upregulated in microglia/macrophages after spinal cord injury in wild-type mice. In enzyme knockout mice, spinal cord injury leads to smaller injury lesion areas compared to wild-type up

General Information

General Information Comment Organism
evolution aldose reductase belongs to the aldoketo reductase superfamily, which includes several enzymes that catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions involved in various cellular processes Mus musculus
malfunction enzyme deficiency-induced microglia/macrophages induce the M2 rather than the M1 response (classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) or alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) cells) and promote locomotion recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. In the in vitro experiments, microglia cell lines (N9 or BV2) are treated with the enzyme inhibitor fidarestat. Enzyme inhibition causes 4-hydroxynonenal accumulation, which induces the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding. Enzyme deficiency causes NF-kappaB downregulation and CREB upregulation after spinal cord injury in mice Mus musculus
metabolism aldose reductase is the only enzyme responsible for reducing glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism Mus musculus
physiological function aldose reductase regulates microglia/macrophages polarization through the cAMP response element-binding protein after spinal cord injury in mice, mechanism, overview Mus musculus