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Information on EC 1.3.99.29 - phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)
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EC Tree
1.3.99.29 phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)IUBMB Comments
The enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and catalyses up to two desaturation steps (cf. EC 1.3.99.28 [phytoene desaturase (neurosporene-forming)], EC 1.3.99.30 [phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)] and EC 1.3.99.31 [phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming)]).
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Word Map
- 1.3.99.29
-
carotenoid
- lycopene
-
desaturation
- neurosporene
- cyanobacterium
- beta-carotene
-
desaturases
- gloeobacter
-
carotenogenic
- prolycopene
- violaceus
- rhodobacter
-
purple
- echinenone
- analysis
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
bacterial-type phytoene desaturase, crti-type phytoene desaturase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
PDS
phytoene desaturase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor = all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor = all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
15-cis-phytoene + 2 acceptor = all-trans-zeta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor
overall reaction
-
15-cis-phytoene + 2 acceptor = all-trans-zeta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
15-cis-phytoene:acceptor oxidoreductase (zeta-carotene-forming)
The enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and catalyses up to two desaturation steps (cf. EC 1.3.99.28 [phytoene desaturase (neurosporene-forming)], EC 1.3.99.30 [phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)] and EC 1.3.99.31 [phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming)]).
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
15-cis-phytoene + 2 acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor
-
involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + decyl plastoquinone
all-trans-phytofluene + decyl plastoquinol
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + decyl plastoquinone
all-trans-phytofluene + decyl plastoquinol
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + decyl plastoquinone
all-trans-phytofluene + decyl plastoquinol
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + decyl plastoquinone
all-trans-phytofluene + decyl plastoquinol
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-lycopene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-lycopene + reduced acceptor
-
the enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + decyl plastoquinone
all-trans-zeta-carotene + decyl plastoquinol
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + decyl plastoquinone
all-trans-zeta-carotene + decyl plastoquinol
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + decyl plastoquinone
all-trans-zeta-carotene + decyl plastoquinol
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + decyl plastoquinone
all-trans-zeta-carotene + decyl plastoquinol
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme also forms 7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene from 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme also forms 7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene from 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in vitro Crtla also catalyzes the converion of cis-zeta-carotene into neurosporene. No activity with trans-neurosporene
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
15-cis-phytoene + 2 acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor
-
involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
all-trans-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-lycopene + reduced acceptor
-
the enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor
all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme also forms 7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene from 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme also forms 7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene from 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
norflurazon
a bleaching herbicide that specifically inhibits PDS activity and carotenoid biosynthesis
4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridazin-3(2H)-one
-
4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridazin-3(2H)-one
-
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
0.00032
recombinant mutant L516R, cell extracts of transformed Escherichia coli, pH 7.2, 28°C
0.0004
recombinant wild-type enzyme, cell extracts of transformed Escherichia coli, pH 7.2, 28°C
0.00053
recombinant mutant L516F, cell extracts of transformed Escherichia coli, pH 7.2, 28°C
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.2
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
28
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
malfunction
-
Crtla deletion mutant, absence of CrtIa blocks the synthesis of colored carotenoids, indicating an early role in carotenogenesis
malfunction
the light-sensitive, phytoene-accumulating mutant, pds1-1, isolated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is leaky for PDS activity. It shows decreased accumulation of downstream colored carotenoids. The pds1-2 and pds1-3 allele products completely lack PDS activity, the null mutants accumulate only phytoene and no other carotenoids. All three phytoene-accumulating mutants exhibit lower growth rates and reduced plating efficiency compared to wild-type cells and white phytoene synthase mutants
malfunction
-
the light-sensitive, phytoene-accumulating mutant, pds1-1, isolated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is leaky for PDS activity. It shows decreased accumulation of downstream colored carotenoids. The pds1-2 and pds1-3 allele products completely lack PDS activity, the null mutants accumulate only phytoene and no other carotenoids. All three phytoene-accumulating mutants exhibit lower growth rates and reduced plating efficiency compared to wild-type cells and white phytoene synthase mutants
-
metabolism
carotenoid profiles of wild-type and mutant E17 strains, overview
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the second step in carotenoid biosynthesis, the conversion of phytoene to zeta-carotene
metabolism
-
the enzyme catalyzes the second step in carotenoid biosynthesis, the conversion of phytoene to zeta-carotene
-
metabolism
-
carotenoid profiles of wild-type and mutant E17 strains, overview
-
physiological function
-
the enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids
additional information
amino acid residue 144 is crutial to the activity of the PDS enzyme
additional information
expression of mutant CrPDS-L505F enhances the accumulation of carotenoids, overview
additional information
intragenic suppressors binding analysis and computational structure prediction of PDS, overview
additional information
-
intragenic suppressors binding analysis and computational structure prediction of PDS, overview
-
additional information
-
expression of mutant CrPDS-L505F enhances the accumulation of carotenoids, overview
-
additional information
-
amino acid residue 144 is crutial to the activity of the PDS enzyme
-
Show AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices (474 entries)
Please use the AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices Search for a specific query.
Please use the AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices Search for a specific query.
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
N144D
L505F
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation enhances enzyme desaturation activity by 29% compared to the wild-type enzyme, L505F exhibits a 27.7fold higher resistance to the herbicide norflurazon
L64F/E143K
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation pds1-5, with in-frame deletion of PSY residues 7-14
L64P
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation pds1-4, with in-frame deletion of PSY residues 7-14
L64P/E143K
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation pds1-2, with in-frame deletion of PSY residues 7-14
L64P/K90M/E143K
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation pds1-6, with in-frame deletion of PSY residues 7-14
L64F/E143K
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation pds1-5, with in-frame deletion of PSY residues 7-14
-
L64P
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation pds1-4, with in-frame deletion of PSY residues 7-14
-
L64P/E143K
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutation pds1-2, with in-frame deletion of PSY residues 7-14
-
L505F
-
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation enhances enzyme desaturation activity by 29% compared to the wild-type enzyme, L505F exhibits a 27.7fold higher resistance to the herbicide norflurazon
-
L516F
naturally occuring mutant strain E17, the mutant enzyme is insensitive, with 31fold higher resistane compared to the wild-tpe enzyme, to inhibition by norflurazon.The mutant also shows higher catalytic efficiency than the wild-type enzyme. Induced by high-light irradiation or glucose, E17 produces 44 or 36% more astaxanthin than the wild-type when cultured in media without norflurazon
L516R
the mutant show reduced enzyme activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
L516F
-
naturally occuring mutant strain E17, the mutant enzyme is insensitive, with 31fold higher resistane compared to the wild-tpe enzyme, to inhibition by norflurazon.The mutant also shows higher catalytic efficiency than the wild-type enzyme. Induced by high-light irradiation or glucose, E17 produces 44 or 36% more astaxanthin than the wild-type when cultured in media without norflurazon
-
L516R
-
the mutant show reduced enzyme activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
-
additional information
N144D
random and site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant
N144D
-
random and site-directed mutagenesis, inactive mutant
-
additional information
possibility of engineering the carotenogenic pathway for improved carotenoid production in microalgae, overview
additional information
the naturally occuring pds1-1 allele shows a mutant with reduced enzyme activity and growth defects, isolation of pds1-2 as an intragenic enhancer of pds1-1, the pds1-2 and pds1-3 allele products completely lack PDS activity, pds1-3 is a null allele derived from DNA insertional mutagenesis. The null mutants accumulate only phytoene and no other carotenoids. All three phytoene-accumulating mutants exhibit lower growth rates and reduced plating efficiency compared to wild-type cells and white phytoene synthase mutants. DNA insertional mutagenesis, phenotypes, detailed overview
additional information
-
the naturally occuring pds1-1 allele shows a mutant with reduced enzyme activity and growth defects, isolation of pds1-2 as an intragenic enhancer of pds1-1, the pds1-2 and pds1-3 allele products completely lack PDS activity, pds1-3 is a null allele derived from DNA insertional mutagenesis. The null mutants accumulate only phytoene and no other carotenoids. All three phytoene-accumulating mutants exhibit lower growth rates and reduced plating efficiency compared to wild-type cells and white phytoene synthase mutants. DNA insertional mutagenesis, phenotypes, detailed overview
-
additional information
-
possibility of engineering the carotenogenic pathway for improved carotenoid production in microalgae, overview
-
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expression in Escherichia coli
gene pds, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of wild-type and mutant E17, expression of wild-type and mutants in Escherichia coli
gene pds, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis, functional expression in Escherichia coli strain JM109 or BL21(DE3), subcloning in Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha
gene pds, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comarisons
gene pds, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli strains JM109 and BL21(DE3), quantitative real time PCR expression assay
when glr0867 is expressed in Escherichia coli, lycopene accumulates as the major pigment, and intermediates (asymmetric-zeta-carotene and neurosporene) are also detected
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
analysis
analysis
the engineered endogenous CrPDS L505F mutant is a dominant selectable marker for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and possibly for other green algae
analysis
-
the engineered endogenous CrPDS L505F mutant is a dominant selectable marker for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and possibly for other green algae
-
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Steiger, S.; Jackisch, Y.; Sandmann, G.
Carotenoid biosynthesis in Gloeobacter violaceus PCC4721 involves a single crtI-type phytoene desaturase instead of typical cyanobacterial enzymes
Arch. Microbiol.
184
207-214
2005
Gloeobacter violaceus
brenda
Iniesta, A.A.; Cervantes, M.; Murillo, F.J.
Cooperation of two carotene desaturases in the production of lycopene in Myxococcus xanthus
FEBS J.
274
4306-4314
2007
Myxococcus xanthus
brenda
Tsuchiya, T.; Takaichi, S.; Misawa, N.; Maoka, T.; Miyashita, H.; Mimuro, M.
The cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 uses bacterial-type phytoene desaturase in carotenoid biosynthesis
FEBS Lett.
579
2125-2129
2005
Gloeobacter violaceus (Q7NM99)
brenda
Li, M.; Gan, Z.; Cui, Y.; Shi, C.; Shi, X.
Structure and function characterization of the phytoene desaturase related to the lutein biosynthesis in Chlorella protothecoides CS-41
Mol. Biol. Rep.
40
3351-3361
2013
Auxenochlorella protothecoides (G8Z936), Auxenochlorella protothecoides CS-41 (G8Z936)
brenda
Liu, J.; Zhong, Y.; Sun, Z.; Huang, J.; Sandmann, G.; Chen, F.
One amino acid substitution in phytoene desaturase makes Chlorella zofingiensis resistant to norflurazon and enhances the biosynthesis of astaxanthin
Planta
232
61-67
2010
Chromochloris zofingiensis (A6N8C1), Chromochloris zofingiensis ATCC 30412 (A6N8C1)
brenda
Tran, P.; Sharifi, M.; Poddar, S.; Dent, R.; Niyogi, K.
Intragenic enhancers and suppressors of phytoene desaturase mutations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
PLoS ONE
7
e42196
2012
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Q6J213), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 4A+ (Q6J213)
brenda
Liu, J.; Gerken, H.; Huang, J.; Chen, F.
Engineering of an endogenous phytoene desaturase gene as a dominant selectable marker for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transformation and enhanced biosynthesis of carotenoids
Process Biochem.
48
788-795
2013
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Q6J213), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-1618 (Q6J213)
-
brenda
Venskutonyte, R.; Koh, A.; Stenstroem, O.; Khan, M.T.; Lundqvist, A.; Akke, M.; Baeckhed, F.; Lindkvist-Petersson, K.
Structural characterization of the microbial enzyme urocanate reductase mediating imidazole propionate production
Nat. Commun.
12
1347
2021
Shewanella oneidensis
brenda
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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