Any feedback?
No. of entries
Information on EC 1.3.5.5 - 15-cis-phytoene desaturase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.3.5.5
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree 1 Oxidoreductases
1.3 Acting on the CH-CH group of donors
1.3.5 With a quinone or related compound as acceptor
1.3.5.5 15-cis-phytoene desaturase
IUBMB Comments
This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. The enzyme from Synechococcus can also use NAD+ and NADP+ as electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme from Gentiana lutea shows no activity with NAD+ or NADP+ .
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
- 1.3.5.5
-
carotenoid
-
herbicide
- zeta-carotene
- agriculture
-
bleaching
- norflurazon
- synthesis
-
phytofluene
Reaction Schemes
showSynonyms
ospds, bopds, citpds1, plant-type phytoene desaturase, more
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
PDS
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone = 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
(1b)
-
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone = 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
-
-
-
-
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone = 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
overall reaction
-
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone = 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
overall reaction, ordered ping-pong bi-bi mechanism, both lipophilic substrates are bound inside the same substrate cavity that cannot be occupied by both simultaneously. The central 15-cis configuration of phytoene mediates the regiospecificity in catalysis
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone = 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
-
-
-
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone = 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
15-cis-phytoene:plastoquinone oxidoreductase
This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. The enzyme from Synechococcus can also use NAD+ and NADP+ as electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme from Gentiana lutea shows no activity with NAD+ or NADP+ [1].
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
15-cis-phytoene + 2 decyl-plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-plastoquinol
15-cis-phytoene + 2 decyl-ubiquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-plastoquinol
-
Substrates: this quinone derivative is used in the study because the natural C45-ubiquinone is not available commercially
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 decylubiquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-plastoquinol
-
Substrates: this quinone derivative is used in the study because the natural C45-ubiquinone is not available commercially
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-1,4-benzoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-1,4-benzoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole + H2O
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 5-n-undecyl-4,6,7-trihydroxybenzothiazole
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + duroquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + duroquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoid synthesis involves several steps of desaturation requiring free energy, for instance the transition from phytoene to phytofluene achieved by phytoene desaturase. This reaction is associated with a reduction of plastoquinone. The oxidation of the plastoquinol is then achieved by a plastoquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase. Might additionally mediate the reduction of plastoquinone by internal reductants
Products: -
Products: -
?
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 decyl-plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-plastoquinol
-
Substrates: this quinone derivative is used in the study because the natural C45-plastoquinone is not available commercially. Decyl-plastoquinone is very effective as a cofactor of desaturation. The simultanous presence of NADP+ has no influence on the activity
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 decyl-plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 decyl-plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-plastoquinol
-
Substrates: this quinone derivative is used in the study because the natural C45-plastoquinone is not available commercially
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: overall reaction
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: overall reaction. The conversion rate with all-trans-phytoene is 10% of the value with the 15-cis isomer
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoid synthesis involves several steps of desaturation requiring free energy, for instance the transition from phytoene to phytofluene achieved by phytoene desaturase. This reaction is associated with a reduction of plastoquinone. The oxidation of the plastoquinol is then achieved by a plastoquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase. Might additionally mediate the reduction of plastoquinone by internal reductants
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
Substrates: decyl-plastoquinone is used for enzyme assays
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene
Products: -
Products: -
-
additional information
?
-
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
Substrates: geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene
Products: -
Products: -
-
additional information
?
-
Substrates: benzoquinone cosubstrates are strongly preferred over naphthoquinones
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: PDS requires plastoquinone as a directly interacting co-substrate to reoxidize the enzyme-bound FADred formed upon desaturation. The enzyme structure has led to the conclusion that both lipophilic substrates are bound inside the same substrate cavity that cannot be occupied by both simultaneously. The central 15-cis configuration of phytoene mediates the regiospecificity in catalysis, overview. LC-MS analysis of PDS desaturation products produced from asymmetric (C35) 15-cis-norphytoene
Products: -
Products: -
-
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme also shows activity with NADP+ as cosubstrate, the affinity for NADP+ is lower than for decylplastoquinone or decylubioquinone
Products: -
Products: -
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoid synthesis involves several steps of desaturation requiring free energy, for instance the transition from phytoene to phytofluene achieved by phytoene desaturase. This reaction is associated with a reduction of plastoquinone. The oxidation of the plastoquinol is then achieved by a plastoquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase. Might additionally mediate the reduction of plastoquinone by internal reductants
Products: -
Products: -
?
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: overall reaction
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoid synthesis involves several steps of desaturation requiring free energy, for instance the transition from phytoene to phytofluene achieved by phytoene desaturase. This reaction is associated with a reduction of plastoquinone. The oxidation of the plastoquinol is then achieved by a plastoquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase. Might additionally mediate the reduction of plastoquinone by internal reductants
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + 2 plastoquinone
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + 2 plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
-
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + acceptor
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor
Substrates: phytoene desaturase is an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene
Products: -
Products: -
-
additional information
?
-
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
Substrates: geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene
Products: -
Products: -
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
decyl-plastoquinone
-
this quinone derivative is used in the study because the natural C45-plastoquinone is not available commercially
quinone
-
since phytoene desaturation responds to the redox state of quinones, which is adjusted by the respiratory redox pathway, the two reactions must be regarded as being mechanistically linked. Using redox titrations, it is shown that the optimal activity lies in the range of the midpoint potential of the plastoquinone/plastohydroquinone redox couple
Ubiquinone-10
-
this quinone derivative is used in the study because the natural C45-plastoquinone is not available commercially
FAD
the deduced amino acid sequence of wheat phytoene desaturase reveals a typical pyridine dinucleotide binding motif generally associated with the binding of FAD
FAD
PDS requires plastoquinone as a directly interacting co-substrate to reoxidize the enzyme-bound FADred formed upon desaturation
plastoquinone
-
decyl-plastoquinone or decyl-ubiquinone is used in the study because the natural C45-plastoquinone is not available commercially. The affinity of the enzyme for plastoquinone is higher than for NADP+
plastoquinone
-
plastoquinone is an essential component of phytoene desaturation
additional information
-
5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole, 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-l,4-benzoquinone, duroquinon are used as artificial electron acceptor
-
additional information
-
the enzyme also shows activity with NADP+ as cosubstrate, the affinity for NADP+ is lower than for decylplastoquinone or decylubioquinone
-
additional information
-
the soluble form of the enzyme is able to associate on to/into protein-free liposomal membranes made from chromoplast lipids, thereby gaining activity by binding added FAD. Once bound to membranes, activated phytoene desaturase works independently of any added FAD, employing membrane-bound electron acceptors. FAD exerts no positive effect on the membrane-association process, its role is confined to enzymatic activation
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(2R,5S)-5-methyl-2-(3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-3-oxomorpholine
-
less active inhibitor compared to (2R,5S)-5-methyl-2-(3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-3-ketomorpholine; very low inhibition
O-[1-ethyl-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)]ethyl-N-(2-chlorobenzyl)carbamate
-
-
O-[1-ethyl-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)]ethyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)carbamate
-
-
O-[1-methyl-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)]ethyl-N-benzylcarbamate
-
-
additional information
-
with respect to a structure-activity relationship the oxygen atom of the phenoxy group and a carbamate structure in O-(1-ethyl-2-phenoxy)ethyl-N-aralkylcarbamates studied are found to be essential for strong PDS inhibitors. phytoene desaturase inhibitor
-
fluridone
-
arginine304 present in the wild-type Hydrilla verticillata phytoene desaturase is substituted with all 19 other natural amino acids. In vitro the threonine (Thr), cysteine (Cys), alanine (Ala) and glutamine (Gln) mutations impart the highest resistance to fluridone. The three natural mutations [Cys, serine (Ser), histidine (His)] and the wild-type phytoene desaturase protein are tested in vitro against seven inhibitors of phytoene desaturase representing several classes of herbicides. These mutations confer cross-resistance to norflurazon and overall negative cross-resistance to beflubutamid, picolinafen and diflufenican. The Thr304 Hydrilla pds mutant is an excellent marker for the selection of transgenic plants. Seedlings harbouring Thr304 pds have a maximum resistance to sensitivity (R/S) ratio of 57 and 14 times higher than that of the wild-type for treatments with norflurazon and fluridone, respectively. These plants exhibit normal growth and development, even after long-term exposure to herbicide. As Thr304 pds is of plant origin, it could become more acceptable than other selectable markers for use in genetically modified food
norflurazon
-
arginine304 present in the wild-type Hydrilla verticillata phytoene desaturase is substituted with all 19 other natural amino acids. In vitro the threonine (Thr), cysteine (Cys), alanine (Ala) and glutamine (Gln) mutations impart the highest resistance to fluridone. The three natural mutations [Cys, serine (Ser), histidine (His)] and the wild-type phytoene desaturase protein are tested in vitro against seven inhibitors of phytoene desaturase representing several classes of herbicides. These mutations confer cross-resistance to norflurazon and overall negative cross-resistance to beflubutamid, picolinafen and diflufenican. The Thr304 Hydrilla pds mutant is an excellent marker for the selection of transgenic plants. Seedlings harbouring Thr304 pds have a maximum resistance to sensitivity (R/S) ratio of 57 and 14 times higher than that of the wild-type for treatments with norflurazon and fluridone, respectively. These plants exhibit normal growth and development, even after long-term exposure to herbicide. As Thr304 pds is of plant origin, it could become more acceptable than other selectable markers for use in genetically modified food
norflurazon
arrests the reaction by stabilizing the intermediary FADred. An excess of the quinone acceptor relieves this blockage
norflurazon
NFZ, competitive inhibition, inhibition kinetics with enzyme mutant R300S
norflurazon
-
0.0001 mM, Vmax values are very little influenced by norflurazon, which reveals a competition between NADP+ or plastoquinone and norflurazon for the cofactor binding site of phytoene desaturase
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
light wavelengths affect the synthesis of carotenoids in Dunaliella salina. The red light increases the cellular content of all major carotenoids and total carotenoids. Concentrations of 15-cis-phytoene in cultures increase with light intensity under both red and blue light, being generally higher under red than blue light (more than double)
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.039
5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole
-
pH 7.8, 27Ā°C, chromoplast homogenate
additional information
additional information
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.2
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
28
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
obtained from Escherichia coli transformant
-
-
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
siliques and roots show the lowest levels of expression
brenda
additional information
PDS transcripts are nearly absent in the roots and seeds
brenda
BoPDS has the highest level of expression in flowers with an approximate 4.5fold increase of BoPDS transcript level compared with leaf tissue
brenda
BoPDS has the highest level of expression in flowers with an approximate 4.5fold increase of BoPDS transcript level compared with leaf tissue
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
BoPDS is present at similar levels in chromoplasts and leucoplasts
brenda
the plastid membrane enzyme form is present in a large protein complex of approximately 350000 Da, the enzyme from stroma is in an approximately 660000 Da complex
brenda
-
phytoene desaturase is restricted to the chloroplast
brenda
BoPDS is present at similar levels in chromoplasts and leucoplasts
brenda
-
the soluble form is enzymatically inactive and a constituent of a larger Hsp 70-containing protein complex in the stroma, whereas the membrane-bound form is functional
brenda
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
using the crystal structure of Oryza sativa PDS in complex with norflurazon, the relevance of homotetrameric assembly of the enzyme observed in crystallo is determined by dynamic mathematical modeling of reaction time courses, substrate channeling occurs of the intermediate phytofluene between individual subunits at membrane surfaces
malfunction
both the albino and dwarf phenotypes of the pds3 mutant result from functional disruption of the PDS3 gene. Chloroplast development is arrested at the proplastid stage in the pds3 mutant. Further analysis shows that a high level of phytoene is accumulated in the pds3 mutant. Disrupting PDS3 gene results in gene expression changes involved in at least 20 metabolic pathways, including the inhibition of many genes in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and GA biosynthesis pathways. The accumulated phytoene in the pds3 mutant might play an important role in certain negative feedbacks to affect gene expression of diverse cellular pathways
malfunction
high light stress, red light stress, or use of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor or a mitotic disrupter herbicide lead to the accumulation of 15-cis phytoene but not all-trans phytoene. Bleaching herbicides such as norflurazon are known to boost phytoene accumulation in the cells of Dunaliella salina and other higher plants, by inhibiting PDS, which prevents the conversion of phytoene to phytofluene
malfunction
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
-
high light stress, red light stress, or use of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor or a mitotic disrupter herbicide lead to the accumulation of 15-cis phytoene but not all-trans phytoene. Bleaching herbicides such as norflurazon are known to boost phytoene accumulation in the cells of Dunaliella salina and other higher plants, by inhibiting PDS, which prevents the conversion of phytoene to phytofluene
-
metabolism
maize phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase catalyse a poly-Z desaturation pathway to the predominate geometric isomer 7,9,7',9'-tetra-Z-lycopene (poly-Z-lycopene or prolycopene), and not the all-trans substrate required by the downstream lycopene cyclase enzymes
metabolism
determination of the phytoene isomers in Dunaliella salina by NMR spectrocopy and analysis of the carotenoid synthesis pathway of Dunaliella salina, overview
metabolism
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
-
determination of the phytoene isomers in Dunaliella salina by NMR spectrocopy and analysis of the carotenoid synthesis pathway of Dunaliella salina, overview
-
physiological function
-
phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
-
phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
phytoene desaturase is an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
three functional units, comprising genes PSY1, PDS/ZISO, and ZDS/CrtISO, are responsible for the synthesis of 15-cis-phytoene, 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, and all-trans-lycopene, respectively. Silencing of desaturase PDS results in the induction of the isomerase in the same functional unit, ZISO. PDS-silenced fruits show a 55% reduction of total carotenoids, with phytoene and phytofluene being the most abundant compounds. All-trans-zeat-carotene is detectable in nonsilenced fruits
physiological function
upon transfer to high light, the transcript levels of all investigated carotenogenic genes including those coding for phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and both ketolases are increased
physiological function
carotenoids comprise a diverse range of naturally occurring stereoisomers, which differ in their physico-chemical properties. Their biosynthesis begins with phytoene, which is a rarity among carotenoids because it is colourless. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene. The marine microalga Dunaliella salina is the richest source of beta-carotene, but it can accumulate phytoene and phytofluene as well. Dunaliella salina, similar to tomato, produces predominantly 15-cis phytoene isomer (over 98%) and a trace amount of all-trans phytoene (below 2%). 9-cis phytoene is not detected in any of the extracts of Dunaliella salina biomass. 15-cis phytoene is the most abundant isomer in Dunaliella salina and that it is subject to a series of isomerisation and desaturation reactions to form all-trans and 9-cis beta-carotene
physiological function
phytoene desaturase (PDS) is an essential plant carotenoid biosynthetic enzyme. PDS catalyzes the introduction of two double bonds into 15-cis-phytoene, yielding 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene via the intermediate 9,15-di-cis-phytofluene
physiological function
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
-
carotenoids comprise a diverse range of naturally occurring stereoisomers, which differ in their physico-chemical properties. Their biosynthesis begins with phytoene, which is a rarity among carotenoids because it is colourless. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene. The marine microalga Dunaliella salina is the richest source of beta-carotene, but it can accumulate phytoene and phytofluene as well. Dunaliella salina, similar to tomato, produces predominantly 15-cis phytoene isomer (over 98%) and a trace amount of all-trans phytoene (below 2%). 9-cis phytoene is not detected in any of the extracts of Dunaliella salina biomass. 15-cis phytoene is the most abundant isomer in Dunaliella salina and that it is subject to a series of isomerisation and desaturation reactions to form all-trans and 9-cis beta-carotene
-
Show AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices (1470 entries)
Please use the AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices Search for a specific query.
Please use the AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices Search for a specific query.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
350000
the plastid membrane enzyme form is present in a large protein complex of approximately 350000 Da, the stroma version is in an approximately 660000 Da complex
55000
x * 55000, SDS-PAGE, the plastid membrane enzyme form is present in a large protein complex of approximately 350000 Da, the stroma version is in an approximately 660000 Da complex
660000
the plastid membrane enzyme form is present in a large protein complex of approximately 350000 Da, the stroma version is in an approximately 660000 Da complex
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
octamer
8 * 56200, calculated, 8 * 56000, SDS-PAGE, recombinant protein with His-tag
?
x * 55000, SDS-PAGE, the plastid membrane enzyme form is present in a large protein complex of approximately 350000 Da, the stroma version is in an approximately 660000 Da complex
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY