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Information on EC 1.16.1.7 - ferric-chelate reductase (NADH)
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1.16.1.7 ferric-chelate reductase (NADH)IUBMB Comments
Contains FAD. The enzyme catalyses the reduction of bound ferric iron in a variety of iron chelators (siderophores), resulting in the release of ferrous iron. The plant enzyme is involved in the transport of iron across plant plasma membranes. The enzyme from the bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans can also reduce chromate. cf. EC 1.16.1.9, ferric-chelate reductase (NADPH) and EC 1.16.1.10, ferric-chelate reductase [NAD(P)H].
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Word Map
- 1.16.1.7
-
feiii
-
fe-deficient
-
feiii-chelate
- chlorosis
-
iron-deficiency
- agriculture
-
fe-sufficient
-
phytosiderophores
-
feiii-reducing
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lefro1
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Reaction Schemes
2
Fe(II)-siderophore
+
+
=
2
Fe(III)-siderophore
+
Synonyms
ferric-chelate reductase, fe(iii) reductase, fe(iii)-chelate reductase, fe(iii) chelate reductase, ahfro1, ferric reductase oxidase, iron chelate reductase, root fe(iii) reductase, fe3+-chelate reductase, [fe(iii)-edta] reductase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
AhFRO1
EC 1.6.99.13
-
-
formerly
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FC-R
FCR
Fe(III) chelate reductase
Fe(III)-chelate reductase
Fe(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic complex reductase
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-
-
-
Fe(III)EDTA reductase
Fe3+-chelate reductase
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-
-
-
ferric chelate reductase
ferric reductase oxidase
ferric-chelate reductase
FRO1
FRO2
FRO7
iron chelate reductase
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-
-
-
NADH-linked FeEDTA reductase
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-
-
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NADH-linked ferric chelate (turbo) reductase
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-
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NADH:Fe3+ oxidoreductase
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-
-
-
reductase, iron chelate
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-
-
-
[Fe(III)-EDTA] reductase
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-
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ferric chelate reductase
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-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
2 Fe(II)-siderophore + NAD+ + H+ = 2 Fe(III)-siderophore + NADH
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-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
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-
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-
redox reaction
-
-
-
-
reduction
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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,
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
Fe(II)-siderophore:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Contains FAD. The enzyme catalyses the reduction of bound ferric iron in a variety of iron chelators (siderophores), resulting in the release of ferrous iron. The plant enzyme is involved in the transport of iron across plant plasma membranes. The enzyme from the bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans can also reduce chromate. cf. EC 1.16.1.9, ferric-chelate reductase (NADPH) and EC 1.16.1.10, ferric-chelate reductase [NAD(P)H].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
122097-10-3
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2 Fe(II) + NAD+
2 Fe(III) + NADH + H+
-
chloroplats with 300 micromolar ferrozine and 100 micromolar Fe-EDTA in Hepes-sorbitol buffer, pH 7.3
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-
?
2 Fe2+ + NAD+
2 Fe3+ + NADH + H+
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transgenic FRO6 yeast has higher Fe3+ chelate reductase activity, Fe3+ chelate reductase activity of FRO7-expressing cells does not differ from the basal level observed in the vector-only control cells
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-
?
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + Fe(III)-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Fe(II)-tri-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
NADH + Fe(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic complex
NAD+ + ?
-
turbo ferric chelate reductase activity of Fe-deficient plants at low pH appears to be different from the constitutive ferric chelate reductase
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-
?
NADH + Fe3+
NAD+ + Fe2+
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iron deficiency results in a 2fold increase in specific activity
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-
?
NADPH + Fe(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic complex
NADP+ + ?
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activity with NADPH is 10-20% of the activity with NADH
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-
?
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + Fe(III)-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Fe(II)-tri-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
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-
-
-
?
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + Fe(III)-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Fe(II)-tri-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
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-
-
-
?
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + Fe(III)-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Fe(II)-tri-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
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-
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-
?
additional information
?
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reduction of ferric iron to ferous iron is the rate-limiting step in iron uptake
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?
additional information
?
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-
root Fe(III) reductase activity is measured by the Fe(II) bathophenanthrolinedisulphonate (BPDS) method, using whole roots of intact plants and excised root sections, and either Fe(III)-EDTA or a poorly crystalline Fe(III)-oxide as substrate
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?
additional information
?
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activity of root FC-R is measured by the formation of the Fe(II)-bathophenantrolinedisulfonate complex from Fe(III)-EDTA
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?
additional information
?
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activity of root FC-R is measured by the formation of the Fe(II)-bathophenantroline disulfonate complex from Fe(III)-EDTA
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?
additional information
?
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strain ZGL1 can reduce Fe(III)EDTA efficiently with glucose as electron donor, lower activity with pyruvate and lactate, poor activity with ethanol, acetate, and propionate, overview
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?
additional information
?
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strain ZGL1 can reduce Fe(III)EDTA efficiently with glucose as electron donor, lower activity with pyruvate and lactate, poor activity with ethanol, acetate, and propionate, overview
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-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
NADH + Fe3+
NAD+ + Fe2+
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iron deficiency results in a 2fold increase in specific activity
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-
?
additional information
?
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reduction of ferric iron to ferous iron is the rate-limiting step in iron uptake
-
-
?
additional information
?
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strain ZGL1 can reduce Fe(III)EDTA efficiently with glucose as electron donor, lower activity with pyruvate and lactate, poor activity with ethanol, acetate, and propionate, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
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strain ZGL1 can reduce Fe(III)EDTA efficiently with glucose as electron donor, lower activity with pyruvate and lactate, poor activity with ethanol, acetate, and propionate, overview
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-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Cu
Fragaria sp.
-
both small contents of Fe and Cu in the plants lead to an overexpression of the gene encoding the enzyme and enhanced FC-R activity in the plants
Fe
Fragaria sp.
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both small contents of Fe and Cu in the plants lead to an overexpression of the gene encoding the enzyme and enhanced FC-R activity in the plants
additional information
additional information
-
ferric reductase oxidase 7 is a chloroplast Fe(III) chelate reductase required for survival under ironlimiting conditions, for efficient photosynthesis, and for proper chloroplast iron acquisition in young seedlings
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Cd2+
-
no effect: 0.05 mM CdCl2 or Cd-EDTA in assay medium, pretreatment of 30-60 min, significant decrease of activity
Pb2+
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2 mM in the assay medium, slight decrease in activity, pretreatment of 30-60 min, significant decrease in activity
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
riboflavin 3'-sulfate
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The flavin isolate consists of 46% riboflavin 3'-sulfate and 54% riboflavin 5'-sulfate. Increases the enzyme activity in roots and the reduction of Fe3+-oxide
riboflavin 5'-sulfate
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The flavin isolate consists of 46% riboflavin 3'-sulfate and 54% riboflavin 5'-sulfate. Increases the enzyme activity in roots and the reduction of Fe3+-oxide
additional information
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root FCR activity increases two-fold with Fe deficiency, no effect of flavin on enzyme activity
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Anemia, Hypochromic
Molecular and phenotypic characterization of transgenic soybean expressing the Arabidopsis ferric chelate reductase gene, FRO2.
Anemia, Hypochromic
Regulation of AhFRO1, an Fe(III)-chelate reductase of peanut, during iron deficiency stress and intercropping with maize.
Iron Deficiencies
Genetic evidence that induction of root Fe(III) chelate reductase activity is necessary for iron uptake under iron deficiency.
Iron Deficiencies
Induction of root Fe(lll) reductase activity and proton extrusion by iron deficiency is mediated by auxin-based systemic signalling in Malus xiaojinensis.
Iron Deficiencies
Molecular and phenotypic characterization of transgenic soybean expressing the Arabidopsis ferric chelate reductase gene, FRO2.
Iron Deficiencies
Nitric oxide accumulation is required for molecular and physiological responses to iron deficiency in tomato roots.
Iron Deficiencies
Nitric oxide acts downstream of auxin to trigger root ferric-chelate reductase activity in response to iron deficiency in Arabidopsis.
Iron Deficiencies
Regulation of AhFRO1, an Fe(III)-chelate reductase of peanut, during iron deficiency stress and intercropping with maize
Iron Deficiencies
Regulation of AhFRO1, an Fe(III)-chelate reductase of peanut, during iron deficiency stress and intercropping with maize.
Iron Deficiencies
Requirement and Functional Redundancy of Ib Subgroup bHLH Proteins for Iron Deficiency Responses and Uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Starvation
Morphological and metabolic responses to starvation by the dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella alga BrY.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
additional information
-
turbo ferric chelate reductase activity of Fe-deficient plants at low pH appears to be different from the constitutive ferric chelate reductase
-
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
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AhFRO1 activity is highest 7 days after iron deficiency: 1000 pmol/h/g
additional information
-
ferric chelate reductase activity increases during root growth
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
-
turbo ferric chelate reductase activity of Fe-deficient plants at low pH appears to be different from the constitutive ferric chelate reductase
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
5.5 - 8
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pH 5.5: about 35% of maximal activity, pH 8.0: about 50% of maximal activity
additional information
-
high pH sensitivity of enzyme, highest activity at apoplastic pH of 4.9, no activity above apoplastic pH of 5.3. Nitrate increases pH value, thus inhibiting enzyme activity, ammonium decreases pH value. Nitrate together with hydrogen carbonate, a combination typical for calcareous soils, has strongest enzyme depressing effect
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
enzyme activity is only elevated under conditions of iron deficiency, coordinate regulation of enzyme and IRT1, the major transporter responsible for high-affinity iron uptake from the soil, both on transcriptional and posttranscriptional level
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brenda
gene family consisting of eight genes. Isoforms AtFRO2 and AtFRO3 are mainly functioning in iron acquisition, while isoforms AtFRO5, AtFRO6, AtFRO7, and AtFRO8 are required for iron homeostasis in different tissues of shoot
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brenda
wild type and transgenic plants expressing a yeast ferric chelate reductase gene, mutants missing the Fe(III) chelate reductase
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brenda
investigation of rootspocks differing in their tolerance to iron deficiency when grown in absence of iron or in presence of bicarbonate. In absence of iron, ferric-chelate reductase activity is stimulated
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brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
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lower enzyme activity in seedling grown on 0.002 mM iron than in plants grown on 0.022 or 0.045 mM iron, leaves of plants grown without iron become chlorotic within 6 weeks, lack of iron decreases the leaf chlorophyll index and iron concentration in recently matured leaves
brenda
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lower enzyme activity in seedling grown on 0.002 mM iron than in plants grown on 0.022 or 0.045 mM iron, lack of iron decreases the leaf chlorophyll index and iron concentration in recently matured leaves. Iron level in nutrient solution has no effect on fresh and dry weight
brenda
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expression of isoforms AtFRO2, AtFRO3, AtFRO5. Expression of AtFRO3 is elevated in iron-deficient plants. When copper is limited, expression of AtFRO3 is induced, predominantly in the vascular cylinder of roots
brenda
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excised root tips, enzyme activity is markedly increased by iron deficiency and by presence of Cd2+ or Pb2+
brenda
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ferric chelate reductase activity increases during root growth
brenda
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higher basal enzyme activity than Vaccinium corymbosum, little effect of iron deficiency on enzyme activity
brenda
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significant increase in enzyme activity under iron-deficient conditions
brenda
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expression of isoforms AtFRO3, AtFRO8. Expression of AtFRO3 is elevated in iron-deficient plants. When copper is limited, expression of AtFRO6 is reduced, of AtFRO3 is induced
brenda
additional information
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isoform AtFRO6 is specifically expressed in green-aerial tissues in a light-dependent manner. Both light and cell differentiation are required for expression
brenda
additional information
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isoforms AtFRO6, AtFRO7 show high expression in all green parts of the plant
brenda
additional information
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high expression in green tissues of plants
brenda
additional information
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enzyme content is very high in carob in the absence of Fe and is decreased sharply even when only a low level of Fe is present in the nutrient solution
brenda
additional information
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enzyme content is low in the absence or with high levels of Fe, its highest values occur in roots exposed to a low level of Fe
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE