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2 Fe(II) + 2 EDTA + NAD+ + H+
2 Fe(III)-EDTA + NADH
2 Fe(II) + NAD+
2 Fe(III) + NADH + H+
-
chloroplats with 300 micromolar ferrozine and 100 micromolar Fe-EDTA in Hepes-sorbitol buffer, pH 7.3
-
-
?
2 Fe(II)-siderophore + NAD+ + H+
2 Fe(III)-siderophore + NADH
2 Fe(III)-siderophore + NADH
2 Fe(II)-siderophore + NAD+ + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2 Fe2+ + NAD+
2 Fe3+ + NADH + H+
-
transgenic FRO6 yeast has higher Fe3+ chelate reductase activity, Fe3+ chelate reductase activity of FRO7-expressing cells does not differ from the basal level observed in the vector-only control cells
-
-
?
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + Fe(III)-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Fe(II)-tri-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
NADH + Fe(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic complex
NAD+ + ?
-
turbo ferric chelate reductase activity of Fe-deficient plants at low pH appears to be different from the constitutive ferric chelate reductase
-
-
?
NADH + Fe3+
NAD+ + Fe2+
-
iron deficiency results in a 2fold increase in specific activity
-
-
?
NADH + ferric dicitrate
NAD+ + ?
NADPH + Fe(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic complex
NADP+ + ?
-
activity with NADPH is 10-20% of the activity with NADH
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
2 Fe(II) + 2 EDTA + NAD+ + H+
2 Fe(III)-EDTA + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
2 Fe(II) + 2 EDTA + NAD+ + H+
2 Fe(III)-EDTA + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
2 Fe(II)-siderophore + NAD+ + H+
2 Fe(III)-siderophore + NADH
-
-
-
-
r
2 Fe(II)-siderophore + NAD+ + H+
2 Fe(III)-siderophore + NADH
-
-
-
-
r
2 Fe(II)-siderophore + NAD+ + H+
2 Fe(III)-siderophore + NADH
Fragaria sp.
-
-
-
-
r
2 Fe(II)-siderophore + NAD+ + H+
2 Fe(III)-siderophore + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + Fe(III)-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Fe(II)-tri-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + Fe(III)-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Fe(II)-tri-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + Fe(III)-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
Fe(II)-tri-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulfonic acid + ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
NADH + ferric dicitrate
NAD+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
NADH + ferric dicitrate
NAD+ + ?
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
reduction of ferric iron to ferous iron is the rate-limiting step in iron uptake
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
root Fe(III) reductase activity is measured by the Fe(II) bathophenanthrolinedisulphonate (BPDS) method, using whole roots of intact plants and excised root sections, and either Fe(III)-EDTA or a poorly crystalline Fe(III)-oxide as substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
activity of root FC-R is measured by the formation of the Fe(II)-bathophenantrolinedisulfonate complex from Fe(III)-EDTA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
activity of root FC-R is measured by the formation of the Fe(II)-bathophenantroline disulfonate complex from Fe(III)-EDTA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
strain ZGL1 can reduce Fe(III)EDTA efficiently with glucose as electron donor, lower activity with pyruvate and lactate, poor activity with ethanol, acetate, and propionate, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
strain ZGL1 can reduce Fe(III)EDTA efficiently with glucose as electron donor, lower activity with pyruvate and lactate, poor activity with ethanol, acetate, and propionate, overview
-
-
?
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malfunction
Fragaria sp.
-
plants grown in the absence of iron show Fe deficiency symptoms with smaller chlorotic leaves, less biomass, acidification of the nutrient solution, and roots that are smaller and less ramified and that contain a higher content of Cu2+
physiological function
-
in response to iron deficiency, dicots employ a reduction-based mechanism by inducing FCR at the root plasma membrane to enhance iron uptake
physiological function
-
biological reduction of Fe(III)EDTA is one of the key steps in nitrogen oxides removal in the integrated approach of metal chelate absorption combined with microbial reduction. Simultaneous reduction of NO chelated by Fe(II)EDTA (Fe(II)EDTA-NO) and Fe(III)EDTA
physiological function
-
ferric-chelate reductase is a key enzyme in Fe uptake
physiological function
-
ferric-chelate reductase is a key enzyme in Fe uptake
physiological function
-
ferric-chelate reductase which functions in the reduction of ferric to ferrous iron on root surface is a critical protein for iron homeostasis in strategy I plants. LeFRO1 is a major ferric-chelate reductase involved in iron uptake in tomato
physiological function
Fragaria sp.
-
root ferric chelate reductase is regulated by iron and copper in strawberry plants, overview
physiological function
-
iron (Fe) is abundant in soils but generally poorly soluble. Plants, with the exception of Graminaceae, take up Fe using an Fe(III)-chelate reductase coupled to an Fe(II) transporter. Beta vulgaris roots secrete flavins upon Fe deficiency, that are involved in Fe acquisition. Root-secretion of flavins improves Fe nutrition involving the reduction of soluble Fe(III) to Fe(II) by an Fe(III) chelate reductase (FCR). Flavin depletion does not affect the root proton extrusion and Fe(III)-chelate reductase activities of Fe-deficient plants. Plants respond to Fe deficiency by lowering the pH of the growth media and increasing the root Fe(III) reductase activity. Flavins allow Beta vulgaris plants to mine Fe from Fe(III)-oxides
physiological function
-
biological reduction of Fe(III)EDTA is one of the key steps in nitrogen oxides removal in the integrated approach of metal chelate absorption combined with microbial reduction. Simultaneous reduction of NO chelated by Fe(II)EDTA (Fe(II)EDTA-NO) and Fe(III)EDTA
-
additional information
-
ferric reductase activity in leaves of transgenic plants grown under iron-sufficient or iron-deficient conditions is 2.13 and 1.26fold higher than in control plants, respectively. The enhanced ferric reductase activity leads to increased concentrations of ferrous iron and chlorophyll, and reduces the iron deficiency chlorosis in the transgenic plants, compared to the control plants. In roots, the concentration of ferrous iron and ferric reductase activity are not significantly different in the transgenic plants compared to the control plants, phenotype, overview
additional information
relationship between the protection of photosynthesis and the light-dependent FCR activity on plasma membranes and chloroplast envelopes, overview. FCR activities in barley chloroplasts are not severely damaged by Fe deficiency, enzyme activities under iron deficient conditions, overview
additional information
relationship between the protection of photosynthesis and the light-dependent FCR activity on plasma membranes and chloroplast envelopes, overview. FCR activities in barley chloroplasts are not severely damaged by Fe deficiency, enzyme activities under iron deficient conditions, overview
additional information
-
relationship between the protection of photosynthesis and the light-dependent FCR activity on plasma membranes and chloroplast envelopes, overview. FCR activities in sorghum chloroplasts are not severely damaged by Fe deficiency, enzyme activities under iron deficient conditions, overview
additional information
-
Ala112 of LeFRO1 is critical for maintaining the high activity of ferric-chelate reductase, modification of this amino acid results in a significant reduction of enzyme activity. The combination of the amino acid residue Ile at the site 24 with Lys at the site 582 plays a positive role in the enzyme activity of LeFRO1, genotyping, overview
additional information
-
relationship between the protection of photosynthesis and the light-dependent FCR activity on plasma membranes and chloroplast envelopes, overview. FCR activities in sorghum chloroplasts are not severely damaged by Fe deficiency, enzyme activities under iron deficient conditions, overview
-
additional information
-
relationship between the protection of photosynthesis and the light-dependent FCR activity on plasma membranes and chloroplast envelopes, overview. FCR activities in barley chloroplasts are not severely damaged by Fe deficiency, enzyme activities under iron deficient conditions, overview
-
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agriculture
-
increase in ethylene production is accompanied by increase in enzyme activity. Salicylic acid, methionine and ethephon enhance ethylene production, AgNO3 inhibits. Induction of enzyme activity is accompanied by increase in iron, zinc and phosphorus concentration of explants
agriculture
-
increase in ethylene production is accompanied by increase in enzyme activity. Salicylic acid, methionine and ethephon enhance ethylene production, AgNO3 inhibits. Induction of enzyme activity is accompanied by increase in iron, zinc and phosphorus concentration of explants
agriculture
-
increase in ethylene production is accompanied by increase in enzyme activity. Salicylic acid, methionine and ethephon enhance ethylene production, AgNO3 inhibits. Induction of enzyme activity is accompanied by increase in iron, zinc and phosphorus concentration of explants
agriculture
-
lower enzyme activity in leaves of seedlings grown on 0.002 mM iron than in plants grown on 0.022 or 0.045 mM iron, lack of iron decreases the leaf chlorophyll index and iron concentration in recently matured leaves. Iron level in nutrient solution has no effect on fresh and dry weight
agriculture
-
lower enzyme activity in leaves of seedlings grown on 0.002 mM iron than in plants grown on 0.022 or 0.045 mM iron, leaves of plants grown without iron become chlorotic within 6 weeks, lack of iron decreases the leaf chlorophyll index and iron concentration in recently matured leaves
agriculture
-
main reason for iron deficiency chlorosis of plants grown on calcareous soils is the inhibition of FeIII reduction in the apoplast and hence Fe2+ uptake into the cytosol
agriculture
-
Vaccinium corymbosum is less efficient in acquiring nitrate than Vaccinium arboreum, possibly due to decreased enzyme activity. This may partially explain the wider soil adaptation of Vaccinium arboreum
agriculture
-
Vaccinium corymbosum is less efficient in acquiring nitrate than Vaccinium arboreum, possibly due to decreased enzyme activity. This may partially explain the wider soil adaptation of Vaccinium arboreum
agriculture
-
bicarbonate induced deficiency in iron may cause more severe oxidative stress in the rootstocks, than the absence of iron. Additionally to inhibition of iron-chelate reductase, growth in presence of bicarbonate may lead to decreased activities of peroxidase and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, depending on the subspecies of plant
agriculture
-
heterologous expression of isoform AtFRO2 in Glycine max significantly enhances Fe3+ reduction in roots and leaves. Root ferric reductase activity is up to tenfold higher in transgenic plants than in control and is not subject to post-transcriptional regulation. In leaves, enzyme activity is threefold higher than in control. Enhanced ferric reductase activity leads to reduced chlorosis, increased chlorophyll concentration and a lessening in biomass loss. However, constitutive heterologous expression of AtFRO2 under non-iron stress conditions may result in decrease in plant productivity
agriculture
-
enhancing the Fe3+ chelate reductase activity of rice plants that normally have low endogenous levels confers resistance to Fe deficiency
agriculture
-
ferric reductase oxidase 7 is a chloroplast Fe(III) chelate reductase required for survival under ironlimiting conditions, for efficient photosynthesis, and for proper chloroplast iron acquisition in young seedlings
agriculture
virus-induced gene silencing is used to silence the ferric chelate reductase, virus-induced gene silencing system can be employed to investigate gene function associated with plant nutrient uptake in roots
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Holden, M.J.; Luster, D.G.; Chaney, R.L.; Buckhout, T.J.; Robinson, C.
Fe3+-chelate reductase activity of plasma membranes isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Roots
Plant Physiol.
97
537-544
1991
Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum lycopersicum Mill.
brenda
Susin, S.; Abadia, A.; Gonzalez-Reyes, J.A.; Lucena, J.J.; Abadia, J.
The pH requirement for in vivo activity of the iron-deficiency-induced "turbo" ferric chelate reductase: A comparison of the iron-deficiency-induced iron reductase activities of intact plants and isolated plasma membrane fractions in sugar beet
Plant Physiol.
110
111-123
1996
Beta vulgaris
brenda
Schmidt, W.; Bartels, M.
Orientation of NADH-linked ferric chelate (turbo) reductase in plasma membranes from roots of Plantago lanceolata
Protoplasma
203
186-193
1998
Plantago lanceolata
-
brenda
Poonnachit, U.; Darnell, R.
Effect of ammonium and nitrate on ferric chelate reductase and nitrate reductase in Vaccinium species
Ann. Bot.
93
399-405
2004
Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium arboreum
brenda
Ojeda, M.; Schaffer, B.; Davies, F.S.
Root and leaf ferric chelate reductase activity in pond apple and soursop
J. Plant Nutr.
27
1381-1393
2004
Annona glabra, Annona muricata
-
brenda
Molassiotis, A.; Therios, I.; Dimassi, K.; Diamantidis, G.; Chatzissavvidis, C.
Induction of Fe(III)-chelate reductase activity by ethylene and salicylic acid in iron-deficient peach rootstock explants
J. Plant Nutr.
28
669-682
2005
Prunus dulcis, Prunus persica, Prunus cerasifera
-
brenda
Kosegarten, H.; Hoffmann, B.; Rroco, E.; Grolig, F.; Gluesenkamp, K.H.; Mengel, K.
Apoplastic pH and FeIII reduction in young sunflower (Helianthus annuus) roots
Physiol. Plant.
122
95-106
2004
Helianthus annuus
-
brenda
Connolly, E.L.; Campbell, N.H.; Grotz, N.; Prichard, C.L.; Guerinot, M.L.
Overexpression of the FRO2 ferric chelate reductase confers tolerance to growth on low iron and uncovers posttranscriptional control
Plant Physiol.
133
1102-1110
2003
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Chang, Y.C.; Zouari, M.; Gogorcena, Y.; Lucena, J.J.; Abadia, J.
Effects of cadmium and lead on ferric chelate reductase activities in sugar beet roots
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
41
999-1005
2003
Beta vulgaris
-
brenda
Wu, H.; Li, L.; Du, J.; Yuan, Y.; Cheng, X.; Ling, H.Q.
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the Fe(III) chelate reductase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Cell Physiol.
46
1505-1514
2005
Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (Q3KTM0)
brenda
Durrett, T.P.; Connolly, E.L.; Rogers, E.E.
Arabidopsis cpFtsY mutants exhibit pleiotropic defects including an inability to increase iron deficiency-inducible root Fe(III) chelate reductase activity
Plant J.
47
467-479
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Schagerloef, U.; Wilson, G.; Hebert, H.; Al-Karadaghi, S.; Haegerhaell, C.
Transmembrane topology of FRO2, a ferric chelate reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Mol. Biol.
62
215-221
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Feng, H.; An, F.; Zhang, S.; Ji, Z.; Ling, H.Q.; Zuo, J.
Light-regulated, tissue-specific, and cell differentiation-specific expression of the Arabidopsis Fe(III)-chelate reductase gene AtFRO6
Plant Physiol.
140
1345-1354
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Mukherjee, I.; Campbell, N.H.; Ash, J.S.; Connolly, E.L.
Expression profiling of the Arabidopsis ferric chelate reductase (FRO) gene family reveals differential regulation by iron and copper
Planta
223
1178-1190
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Vasconcelos, M.; Eckert, H.; Arahana, V.; Graef, G.; Grusak, M.A.; Clemente, T.
Molecular and phenotypic characterization of transgenic soybean expressing the Arabidopsis ferric chelate reductase gene, FRO2
Planta
224
1116-1128
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Ishimaru, Y.; Kim, S.; Tsukamoto, T.; Oki, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Watanabe, S.; Matsuhashi, S.; Takahashi, M.; Nakanishi, H.; Mori, S.; Nishizawa, N.K.
Mutational reconstructed ferric chelate reductase confers enhanced tolerance in rice to iron deficiency in calcareous soil
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
104
7373-7378
2007
Oryza sativa
brenda
Jeong, J.; Cohu, C.; Kerkeb, L.; Pilon, M.; Connolly, E.L.; Guerinot, M.L.
Chloroplast Fe(III) chelate reductase activity is essential for seedling viability under iron limiting conditions
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
105
10619-10624
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
brenda
He, X.; Jin, C.; Li, G.; You, G.; Zhou, X.; Zheng, S.J.
Use of the modified viral satellite DNA vector to silence mineral nutrition-related genes in plants: silencing of the tomato ferric chelate reductase gene, FRO1, as an example
Sci. China C Life Sci.
51
402-409
2008
Solanum lycopersicum (Q6EMC0)
brenda
Jin, C.W.; Chen, W.W.; Meng, Z.B.; Zheng, S.J.
Iron deficiency-induced increase of root branching contributes to the enhanced root ferric chelate reductase activity
J. Integr. Plant Biol.
50
1557-1562
2008
Trifolium pratense
brenda
Ding, H.; Duan, L.; Wu, H.; Yang, R.; Ling, H.; Li, W.X.; Zhang, F.
Regulation of AhFRO1, an Fe(III)-chelate reductase of peanut, during iron deficiency stress and intercropping with maize
Physiol. Plant.
136
274-283
2009
Arachis hypogaea, Arachis hypogaea Nongda 818
brenda
Li, L.Y.; Cai, Q.Y.; Yu, D.S.; Guo, C.H.
Overexpression of AtFRO6 in transgenic tobacco enhances ferric chelate reductase activity in leaves and increases tolerance to iron-deficiency chlorosis
Mol. Biol. Rep.
38
3605-3616
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Mikami, Y.; Saito, A.; Miwa, E.; Higuchi, K.
Allocation of Fe and ferric chelate reductase activities in mesophyll cells of barley and sorghum under Fe-deficient conditions
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
49
513-519
2011
Sorghum bicolor, Hordeum vulgare (D6RVS5), Hordeum vulgare (D6RVS6), Sorghum bicolor Keller, Hordeum vulgare Ehimehadaka No. 1 (D6RVS5), Hordeum vulgare Ehimehadaka No. 1 (D6RVS6)
brenda
Chen, W.W.; Yang, J.L.; Qin, C.; Jin, C.W.; Mo, J.H.; Ye, T.; Zheng, S.J.
Nitric oxide acts downstream of auxin to trigger root ferric-chelate reductase activity in response to iron deficiency in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiol.
154
810-819
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Dong, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Li, N.; Chen, M.
Reduction of Fe(III)EDTA in a NOx scrubber liquor by a denitrifying bacterium and the effects of inorganic sulfur compounds on this process
Biores. Technol.
120
127-132
2012
Paracoccus denitrificans, Paracoccus denitrificans ZGL1
brenda
Kong, D.; Chen, C.; Wu, H.; Li, Y.; Li, J.; Ling, H.Q.
Sequence diversity and enzyme activity of ferric-chelate reductase LeFRO1 in tomato
J. Genet. Genomics
40
565-573
2013
Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Pestana, M.; Correia, P.; Saavedra, T.; Gama, F.; Dandlen, S.; Nolasco, G.; de Varennes, A.
Root ferric chelate reductase is regulated by iron and copper in strawberry plants
J. Plant Nutr.
36
2035-2047
2013
Fragaria sp.
-
brenda
Pestana, M.; Gama, F.; Saavedra, T.; de Varennes, A.; Correia, P.
The root ferric-chelate reductase of Ceratonia siliqua (L.) and Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. responds differently to a low level of iron
Sci. Hortic.
135
65-67
2012
Ceratonia siliqua, Citrus trifoliata
-
brenda
Siso-Terraza, P.; Rios, J.J.; Abadia, J.; Abadia, A.; Alvarez-Fernandez, A.
Flavins secreted by roots of iron-deficient Beta vulgaris enable mining of ferric oxide via reductive mechanisms
New Phytol.
209
733-745
2016
Beta vulgaris
brenda