Any feedback?
No. of entries
Information on EC 1.1.1.288 - xanthoxin dehydrogenase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.1.1.288
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree 1 Oxidoreductases
1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors
1.1.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
1.1.1.288 xanthoxin dehydrogenase
IUBMB Comments
Requires a molybdenum cofactor for activity. NADP+ cannot replace NAD+ and short-chain alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and cyclohexanol cannot replace xanthoxin as substrate . Involved in the abscisic-acid biosynthesis pathway in plants, along with EC 1.2.3.14 (abscisic-aldehyde oxidase), EC 1.13.11.51 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) and EC 1.14.14.137 [(+)-abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase]. Abscisic acid is a sesquiterpenoid plant hormone that is involved in the control of a wide range of essential physiological processes, including seed development, germination and responses to stress .
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
showSynonyms
wilty, aba deficient 2, xanthoxin dehydrogenase, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase1, glucose insensitive 1, os03g0810800, more
topPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
ABA2
SDR1
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
xanthoxin + NAD+ = abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
MetaCyc
abscisic acid biosynthesis
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
xanthoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Requires a molybdenum cofactor for activity. NADP+ cannot replace NAD+ and short-chain alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and cyclohexanol cannot replace xanthoxin as substrate [3]. Involved in the abscisic-acid biosynthesis pathway in plants, along with EC 1.2.3.14 (abscisic-aldehyde oxidase), EC 1.13.11.51 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) and EC 1.14.14.137 [(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase]. Abscisic acid is a sesquiterpenoid plant hormone that is involved in the control of a wide range of essential physiological processes, including seed development, germination and responses to stress [3].
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
129204-37-1
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
Substrates: different mutants: mutations in genes involved in the ethylene signal transduction pathway and a mutation at the start of exon 2
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: last step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway, constitutively expressed, not upregulated in response to osmotic stress
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: enzyme is involved in abscisic acid synthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: enzyme is involved abscisic acid biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
Substrates: multistep conversion
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of abscisic acid
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: neither water stress nor cycloheximide significantly affects the level of enzyme activity
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of abscisic acid
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
Substrates: different mutants: mutations in genes involved in the ethylene signal transduction pathway and a mutation at the start of exon 2
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: last step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway, constitutively expressed, not upregulated in response to osmotic stress
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: enzyme is involved in abscisic acid synthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: enzyme is involved abscisic acid biosynthesis
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
Substrates: multistep conversion
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of abscisic acid
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: neither water stress nor cycloheximide significantly affects the level of enzyme activity
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of abscisic acid
Products: -
Products: -
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
2.1fold reduced expression in Arabidopsis thaliana mutant aba2 with a mutation at the the start of exon 2
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Dehydration
Abscisic Aldehyde Is an Intermediate in the Enzymatic Conversion of Xanthoxin to Abscisic Acid in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Leaves.
Dehydration
Alginate-derived oligosaccharides promote water stress tolerance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
homologous AtSDR3 and AtABA2 have different spatial and temporal expression patterns
brenda
additional information
-
homologous AtSDR3 and AtABA2 have different spatial and temporal expression patterns
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
no significant activity is observed in chloroplast
-
brenda
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily of enzymes
malfunction
the aba2 mutant displays less seed dormancy, glucose insensitivity, small plat size, early flowering, and wiltness, no complementation by expression of AtSDR3, enotype, overview
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the carotenoid synthesis and metabolism. Transcriptional response of different light qualities in leaf coloration of cv. Huangjinya, RNA-seq analysis with three biological replicates identifies differentially expressed genes involved in pigment metabolism pathways. With regard to porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, the protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is upregulated and chlorophyllase (Chlase) is downregulated under red light (RL) compared with white light (WL), which contributes to high chlorophyll content in cv. Huangjinya. The upregulated POR and magnesium chelatase H subunit (CHLH) are identified under red + blue light (RB). Blue light (BL) significantly promotes carotenoid biosynthesis, accompanied by the related upregulated genes. But upregulated xanthoxin dehydrogenase (ABA2) reduces carotenoid content under BL. Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) is upregulated and ABA2 is downregulated under RB, resulting in high accumulation of carotenoid content. BL and RL upregulated expressions of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in cv. Huangjinya. Differential expressions of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis is considered as the results of leaf color change. In addition, the genes related to photosynthesis are downregulated under RL, whereas these are upregulated under BL when compared with WL. In conclusion, the effect of light quality on the leaf coloration of cv. Huangjinya is mainly dependent on chlorophyll content by altering corresponding genes expressions. RL may promote the accumulation of chlorophyll in cv. Huangjinya leaves by upregulating the expression of genes related to chlorophyll synthesis (e.g. POR) and downregulating expression of genes related to chlorophyll degradation (e.g. Chlase). BL can upregulate the expression of genes related to both biosynthesis (e.g. POR, hemA) and degradation (e.g. Chlase) of chlorophyll, resulting in little change in leaf color of cv. Huangjinya under BL when compared with WL. Upregulated genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis (e.g. POR, CHLH) induce greener color of cv. Huangjinya treated with RB
physiological function
additional information
physiological function
the so-called wilty mutation affects the xanthoxin dehydrogenase step in abscisic acid biosynthesis. Functional abscisic acid biosynthesis is critical for normal stomatal responses to changes in humidity in angiosperms,with wilty mutant plants having no increase in foliar abscisic acid levels in response to a doubling in vapour pressure deficit, and no closure of stomata
physiological function
expression of Oryza sativa ABA2 in an Arabidopsis Aba2 mutant rescues the Aba2 mutant phenotypes, characterized by reduced growth, increased water loss, and germination in the presence of paclobutrazol
additional information
comparative expression analysis of three AtSDR genes and their amino acid sequence alignment, overview
additional information
-
comparative expression analysis of three AtSDR genes and their amino acid sequence alignment, overview
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). Q7XZH5_ORYSJ
281
0
29602
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
generation of aba2 mutants. The pABA2::SDR3 transgene fails to complement the aba2 mutant phenotype, and transgenic plants show the same levels of ABA as the aba2 mutants, phenotype, overview
additional information
-
generation of aba2 mutants. The pABA2::SDR3 transgene fails to complement the aba2 mutant phenotype, and transgenic plants show the same levels of ABA as the aba2 mutants, phenotype, overview
additional information
the so-called wilty mutation affects the xanthoxin dehydrogenase step in abscisic acid biosynthesis. Functional abscisic acid biosynthesis is critical for normal stomatal responses to changes in humidity in angiosperms,with wilty mutant plants having no increase in foliar abscisic acid levels in response to a doubling in vapour pressure deficit, and no closure of stomata
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene ABA2, encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase1 (SDR1) that catalyzes the multistep conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde during abscisic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thalian, genotyping
library construction and transcriptome sequencing and analysis, RNA-seq enzyme expression analysis
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the transcript level does not change in response to treatment with abscisic acid or dehydration
upregulated xanthoxin dehydrogenase (ABA2) reduces carotenoid content under blue light (BL)
zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) is upregulated and ABA2 is downregulated under red + blue light (RB), resulting in high accumulation of carotenoid content
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Taylor, I.B.; Burbidge, A.; Thompson, A.J.
Control of abscisic acid synthesis
J. Exp. Bot.
51
1563-1574
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Gonzalez-Guzman, M.; Apostolova, N.; Belles, J.M.; Barrero, J.M.; Piqueras, P.; Ponce, M.R.; Micol, J.L.; Serrano, R.; Rodriguez, P.L.
The short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase ABA2 catalyzes the conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde
Plant Cell
14
1833-1846
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Cheng, W.H.; Endo, A.; Zhou, L.; Penney, J.; Chen, H.C.; Arroyo, A.; Leon, P.; Nambara, E.; Asami, T.; Seo, M.; Koshiba, T.; Sheen, J.
A unique short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase in Arabidopsis glucose signaling and abscisic acid biosynthesis and functions
Plant Cell
14
2723-2743
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Schwartz, S.H.; Leon-Kloosterziel, K.M.; Koornneef, M.; Zeevaart, J.A.
Biochemical characterization of the aba2 and aba3 mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Physiol.
114
161-166
1997
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Sindhu, R.K.; Walton, D.C.
Conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic acid by cell-free preparations from bean leaves
Plant Physiol.
85
916-921
1987
Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Lathyrus oleraceus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna radiata, Zea mays
brenda
Sindhu, R.K.; Walton, D.C.
Xanthoxin metabolism in cell-free preparations from wild-type and wilty mutants of tomato
Plant Physiol.
88
178-182
1988
Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Parry, A.D.; Neill, S.J.; Horgan, R.
Xanthoxin levels and metabolism in the wild-type and wilty mutants of tomato
Planta
173
397-404
1988
Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Cheng, W.H.; Chiang, M.H.; Hwang, S.G.; Lin, P.C.
Antagonism between abscisic acid and ethylene in Arabidopsis acts in parallel with the reciprocal regulation of their metabolism and signaling pathways
Plant Mol. Biol.
71
61-80
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9C826)
brenda
Hwang, S.G.; Lin, N.C.; Hsiao, Y.Y.; Kuo, C.H.; Chang, P.F.; Deng, W.L.; Chiang, M.H.; Shen, H.L.; Chen, C.Y.; Cheng, W.H.
The Arabidopsis short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3, an abscisic acid deficient 2 homolog, is involved in plant defense responses but not in ABA biosynthesis
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
51
63-73
2012
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SCU0), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
McAdam, S.A.; Sussmilch, F.C.; Brodribb, T.J.; Ross, J.J.
Molecular characterization of a mutation affecting abscisic acid biosynthesis and consequently stomatal responses to humidity in an agriculturally important species
AoB PLANTS
7
plv091
2015
Lathyrus oleraceus (A0A0K1H1P6)
brenda
Endo, A.; Nelson, K.M.; Thoms, K.; Abrams, S.R.; Nambara, E.; Sato, Y.
Functional characterization of xanthoxin dehydrogenase in rice
J. Plant Physiol.
171
1231-1240
2014
Oryza sativa (Q7XZH5), Oryza sativa
brenda
Tian, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L.
An RNA-seq analysis reveals differential transcriptional responses to different light qualities in leaf color of Camellia sinensis cv. Huangjinya
J. Plant Growth Regul.
41
612-627
2022
Camellia sinensis (A0A2H4X2U9)
-
brenda
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 1.1.1.288)
html completed
Use of this online version of BRENDA is free under the CC BY 4.0 license. See terms of use for full details.
Release 2026.1 (March 2026)
About BRENDA
Social media
Help
Survey
Download
Contribution
Legal
Curated at
Member of
![DSMZ Digital Diversity]()
![Global Core Biodata Resource]()
![ELIXIR Core Data Resource]()
![German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure]()
