EC Number   |
Recommended Name |
Application |
|---|
   4.2.3.57 | (-)-beta-caryophyllene synthase |
agriculture |
flowers of plant lines lacking (E)-beta-caryophyllene emission show greater bacterial growth on their stigmas than wild-type flowers, and their seeds are lighter and misshapen. Plant lines with ectopic (E)-beta-caryophyllene emission from vegetative parts are more resistant than wild-type plants to pathogen infection of leaves, and show reduced cell damage and higher seed production. (E)-beta-caryophyllene seems to act by direct inhibition of bacterial growth |
| 4.2.3.65 | zingiberene synthase |
agriculture |
transgenic tomato fruits overexpressing ZIS under the control of the fruit ripening-specific tomato polygalacturonase promoter accumulate high levels of alpha-zingiberene and other sesquiterpenes, such as alpha-bergamotene, 7-epi-sesquithujene, beta-bisabolene and beta-curcumene. The ZIS-transgenic fruits also produce monoterpenes, such as alpha-thujene, alpha-pinene, beta-phellandrene and gamma-terpinene, which are either not detected or are found only in minute concentrations in control fruits. The phenotype of the ZIS-transgenic tomatoes is the same as that for wild-type tomatoes, with regard to plant vigor and shape, but transgenic plants exhibit a small decrease in lycopene content |
| 4.2.3.106 | (E)-beta-ocimene synthase |
agriculture |
when lima bean plants that have previously been placed downwind of transgenic tobacco plants that are constitutively overexpressing (E)-beta-ocimene synthase are infested by spider mites in an open-flow tunnel, they are more defensive to spider mites and more attractive to predatory mites, in comparison to the infested plants that have been placed downwind of wild-type tobacco plants. Similarly, when the transgenic tobacco-downwind maize plants are infested with Mythimna separata larvae, this results in reduced larval growth and greater attraction of parasitic wasps Cotesia kariyai. In a greenhouse experiment, lima bean plants placed near the transgenic tobacco plants are more attractive when damaged by spider mites, in comparison to the infested plants that have been placed near the wild-type plants. Volatile organic compounds emitted from infested receiver plants affect their conspecific neighboring plants to prime indirect defenses in response to herbivory |
| 4.2.3.142 | 7-epizingiberene synthase [(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing] |
agriculture |
construction of an interspecific cross between Solanum lycopersicum cv Moneymaker and the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites PI127826 leads to production of 7-epizingiberene in a range of concentrations up to PI127826 levels in the F2 plants. Plants also accumulate monoterpenes and/or other sesquiterpenes at high concentrations. Data show a correlation between the concentration of 7-epizingiberene on the leaf surface and the defense against whiteflies. Stable expression of short chain cis-prenyltransferase zFPS and 7-epizingiberene synthase in Solanum lycopersicum results in accumulation of 7-epizingiberene. The production of 7-epizingiberene has no repellent effect on spider mites in a choice assay, but has a strong effect on their fecundity. Mites placed on leaf disks of transgenic plants exhibit a 40% higher mortality and, after 4 d, an 81% reduction in the number of eggs |
| 4.2.3.144 | geranyllinalool synthase |
agriculture |
contrary to wild-type, transgenic Lotus japonicus plants expressing isoform TPS2 produce (E,E)-geranyllinalool and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum expressing isoform TPS2 produces (E,E)-geranyllinalool but not (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. In olfactory assays, the generalist predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus but not the specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis is attracted to uninfested, transgenic Lotus japonicus plants expressing TPS2 over wild-type plants. The specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis is more strongly attracted by the transgenic plants infested with spider mites than by infested wild-type plants |
| 4.2.99.21 | isochorismate lyase |
agriculture |
expression of a fusion of genes pchA and pchB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which encode isochorismate synthase and isochorismate pyruvate-lyase, in Arabidopsis thaliana, with targeting of the gene product either to the cytosol, c-SAS plants, or to the chloroplast, p-SAS plants. In p-SAS plants, the amount of free and conjugated SA is increased more than 20fold above wild type level. P-SAS plants show a strongly dwarfed phenotype and produce very few seeds. Targeting of SAS to the cytosol causes a slight increase in free salicylic acid and a significant threefold increase in conjugated salicylic acid. The modest increase in total salicylic content does not strongly induce the resistance marker PR-1, but results in enhanced disease resistance towards a virulent isolate of Peronospora parasitica. Increased resistance of c-SAS lines is paralleled with reduced seed production |
| 4.3.1.23 | tyrosine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity is significantly higher in the tissues infected by Glomerella cingulata than in corresponding control and reaches its peak 48 hours after inoculation in the resistant varieties. Defense enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase prevent the infection by Glomerella cingulata in the resistant tea varieties, in a sequential manner. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is induced first, followed by tyrosine ammonia-lyase and then polyphenol oxidase, during biotic stress induced by Glomerella cingulata in tea plants |
 4.3.1.24 | phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
level of enzyme mRNA increases 5 days after the establishment of in vitro callus unions. Enzyme transcription shows a higher level in graft union of incompatible partners and does not result in formation of lignin |
| 4.3.1.24 | phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
treatment of plants with Pseudmonas sp. increases shoot length and significantly increases the activity of both peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Treatment may help plants against pathogen invasion by modulating plant peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities |
| 4.3.1.24 | phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
treatment of plants with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces enzyme synthesis associated with increased synthesis of phenolic compounds such as tannic, gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic and cinnamic acids. Treatment with Sclerotinia slerotiorum does not induce enzyme synthesis |
| 4.3.1.24 | phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
during culture of Morinda citrifolia adventitious roots in different strength, i.e. 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 of Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5 mg/l indole butyric acid and 30 g/l sucrose, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity shows a positive correlation in relation to salt strength that leads to an increase in phenol biosynthesis in expense of anthraquinone formation. With the increasing salt strength, root growth and anthraquinone accumulation decrease significantly |
| 4.3.1.24 | phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
expression of isoform PAL6 is fruit-specific, and increases during fruit ripening in both cultivars along with anthocyanin accumulation. PAL enzyme activity increases at similar rates in both cultivars at early ripening stages, but at the end of ripening PAL activity diminishes in cultivar Toyonoka while it rises markedly in cultivar Camarosa. PAL activity is higher in internal fruit tissue, showing no correlation with anthocyanin level of the same section in both cultivars. The higher FaPAL6 expression and activity detected in Camarosa may be associated to the enhanced anthocyanin accumulation found in this cultivar |
| 4.3.1.24 | phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
PAL activity is significantly higher in the tissues infected by Glomerella cingulata than in corresponding control and reaches its peak 24 hours after inoculation in the resistant varieties. Defense enzymes PAL, tyrosine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase prevent the infection by Glomerella cingulata in the resistant tea varieties, in a sequential manner. PAL is induced first, followed by tyrosine ammonia-lyase and than polyphenol oxidase, during biotic stress induced by Glomerella cingulata in tea plants |
| 4.3.1.24 | phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
transgenic roots of Coleus blumei, harbouring the Arabidopsis thaliana PAL1 gene, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, show disparate phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities ranging from 67 to 350%, compared to wild-type roots. Growth rates significantly differ, with the lowest in transgenic roots exerting augmented phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. Transgenic roots with high phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity have lower growth rates, lower amounts of total phenolics, rosmarinic acid, i.e. the major phenolic compound in Coleus blumei and chlorogenic acid, but increased amounts of caffeic acid. There is no increase in total phenolics and rosmarinic acid content after feeding transgenic roots with casein enzymatic hydrolysate and L-tyrosine |
| 4.3.1.24 | phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
agriculture |
rain shelter treatment may affect phenylalanine lignin monomer synthesis and subsequent cork accumulation by altering the expression or enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase (HHT1), thus decreasing exocarp russet accumulation in semi-russet pear |
| 4.3.2.10 | imidazole glycerol-phosphate synthase |
agriculture |
development of allosteric antibiotics, herbicides, and antifungal compounds because the enzyme is absent in mammals but provides an entry point to fundamental biosynthetic pathways in plants, fungi, and bacteria |
| 4.3.3.7 | 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase |
agriculture |
expression of dapA gene of E coli, insensitive to feedback-inhibition by L-lysine |
| 4.4.1.1 | cystathionine gamma-lyase |
agriculture |
infection with Pyrenopeziza brassicae led to increased LCD activity |
| 4.4.1.1 | cystathionine gamma-lyase |
agriculture |
enzyme is an antibacterial drug-target protein against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the most destructive bacterial disease of rice |
| 4.4.1.9 | L-3-cyanoalanine synthase |
agriculture |
CAS seems to be useful for screening possible novel plant activators for plant protection against pathogens |
| 4.4.1.9 | L-3-cyanoalanine synthase |
agriculture |
CAS1 and CAS2 encode Fuji apple beta-CAS homologs, overall nucleotide sequence identity is 89%, whereas coding regions are 93% identical at the nucleotide level and 94% identical at the amino acid level, CAS may play a role in cyanide detoxification in ripening apple fruits |
| 4.4.1.9 | L-3-cyanoalanine synthase |
agriculture |
enzyme may be responsible for the ability to detoxify cyanide in insect pest and hence responsible for tolerance of the cyanogenic cassava plant, this ability can possibly be compromised by enzyme inhibition, and may lead, in the long term, to the potential use of this enzyme as drug target for pest control |
| 4.4.1.13 | cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase |
agriculture |
the absence of the enzyme in higher organisms makes it an important target for the development of antibiotics and herbicides |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene biosynthesises, its mRNA expression is induced by abiotic factors like wounding, treatment with abscisic acid, and CuCl2 |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, which is the major plant hormone regulating female sex expression, an additional copy of the Cs-ACS1 gene is linked to the female locus, this female-specific Cs-ACS1G originates from a gene duplication between the branched-chain amino acid transaminase gene and Cs-ACS1 gene |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
ethylene governs both development and stress responses throughout plant development, the mechanism by which plants regulate ethylene biosynthesis is unclear, 14-3-3 proteins are required to cause a change in ACS function after phosphorylation |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
ethylene governs both development and stress responses throughout plant development, the mechanism by which plants regulate ethylene biosynthesis is unclear, ethylene overproducer 1 protein is a negative regulator of ethylene biosynthesis that inhibits the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and promotes its degradation by a proteasome dependent pathway |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
ethylene is produced in increasing amounts during the germination process, the embryonic axis is the main producer, the abundance of Ca-ACS1 mRNA was highest at the onset of embryogenesis (stage-1), middle (stages 36) and low desiccation stages and dry seed, the transcript levels of Ca-ACS1 does not correlate with ACS activity |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
ethylene production in cut carnation flowers cv. Excerea is suppressed by high-temperatures because of inhibition of ACC synthase, no ethylene production detected in flowers kept at 32°C, climacteric ethylene production observed during days 9-12 in flowers kept at 24°C |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
expression of ACC synthase is the rate limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis and is controlled by a multiple regulatory pathway of auxin, brassinosteroid and light in Arabidopsis seedlings |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
expression of CyACS1 is involved in high-temperature induced necrosis of plant tissue |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
the enzyme regulates ethylene production in conifers, ethylene signalling induces chemical defenses against insects or pathogens |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
UV-B radiation influences ethylene biosynthesis by changes in the expression of the ACC synthase |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
ethylene overproduction in protein phosphatase 2A-deficient plants requires isoforms ACS2 and ACS6 |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
harvest periods related to soluble solids contents content of Hayward kiwifruit significantly affect 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase activity, total soluble protein content and protein profile. ACC synthase activity is suppressed, especially in early harvested fruits, by an inhibition of fruit ripening during controlled atmosphere storage |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
identification of compounds inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by ACC synthase |
| 4.4.1.14 | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase |
agriculture |
oligogalacturonic acids promote tomato fruit ripening by inducing ethylene synthesis through the regulation of isoform ACS2 at transcriptional and post-translational levels |
| 4.4.1.16 | selenocysteine lyase |
agriculture |
Selenium contamination is one of the most serious problems in agriculture in Se-rich regions, cpSL transgenic plants can be used for Se phytoremediation under field conditions. Selenium accumulation is significantly enhanced in the shoots of the cpSL transgenic plants compared to wild typ. cpSL plants are more tolerant to the toxic sediment-soil than the wild type |
| 4.4.1.19 | phosphosulfolactate synthase |
agriculture |
selenium contamination is one of the most serious problems in agriculture in Se-rich regions, cpSL transgenic plants can be used for Se phytoremediation under field conditions, Selenium accumulation is significantly enhanced in the shoots of the cpSL transgenic plants compared to wild type, cpSL plants are more tolerant to the toxic sediment-soil than the wild type |
| 4.6.1.18 | pancreatic ribonuclease |
agriculture |
transgenic expression in Nicotiana tabacum as a protection against tobacco mosaic virus. Transgenic plants are characterized by an increased level of enzyme activity in leaf extract and exhibit a significantly higher level of protection against the virus infection than control. Protection is evident by the absence or significant delay of the appearance of typical mosaic symptoms and the retarded accumulation of infectious virus and viral antigen |
| 5.2.1.8 | peptidylprolyl isomerase |
agriculture |
use of leaf enzyme activity as a marker for water stress tolerance in sorghum |
| 5.3.1.8 | mannose-6-phosphate isomerase |
agriculture |
expression system based on phosphomannose-isomerase gene as a selectable marker in Agrobacterium-based transformation and mannose as the selective agent for the transformation of apple. Selection of leaf explants on medium supplemented with mannose and sorbitol, integration of transgenes in the apple genome and their activity are confirmed |
| 5.3.1.8 | mannose-6-phosphate isomerase |
agriculture |
non-antibiotic selection system based on heterologous expression of enzyme in Brassica rapa via Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and screening for cotyledon explants that survive in media containing more than 5 g per l mannose. Presence of gene does not inhibit the growth of transgenic plants |
| 5.3.1.8 | mannose-6-phosphate isomerase |
agriculture |
selection system for onion using Agrobacterium-based transformation with phosphomannose isomerase as selectable marker. Selection depends on detoxification of mannose 6-phosphate by conversion to fructose 6-phosphate in six-week-old embryonic calli. Transformation rates of 23-27% are obtained |
| 5.3.1.8 | mannose-6-phosphate isomerase |
agriculture |
use of enzyme as selectable marker for Agrobacterium-medíated transformation of Linum usitatissimum. Transgenic flax plants able to root on mannose-containing medium are obtained on a combination of 20 g per l sucrose and 10 g per l mannose. Mean transformation efficacy is 3.6% |
| 5.3.1.8 | mannose-6-phosphate isomerase |
agriculture |
use of enzyme as selectable marker in Agrobacterium-based expression of transgenes in Brassica rapa. Supplementation of media with 7 g per l mannose and 2% sucrose provides best conditions for the selection of transformed plants. Transformation rates of 1.4-3% are obtained |
| 5.3.99.6 | allene-oxide cyclase |
agriculture |
generation of a jasmonic acid-deficient rice line by suppression of allene oxide cyclase using RNAi. The level of resistance to Magnaporthe grisea infection is equal to wild-type and to a strain lacking 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase |
| 5.3.99.6 | allene-oxide cyclase |
agriculture |
transgenic tobacco expressing Campotheca acuminata allene oxide cyclase displays higher chlorophyll content under salt stress than wild plants and is more resistant to low temperature. Expression of a 5'-truncated Campotheca acuminata allene oxide cyclase in Escherichia coli results in cells that can grow on agar plates containing 400 mM NaCl |
| 5.3.99.8 | capsanthin/capsorubin synthase |
agriculture |
red peppers accumulate increasing levels of total carotenoids during ripening, whereas non-red peppers accumulate lower levels of total carotenoids of varying composition. The expression levels of the phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase genes are high in peppers with high levels of total carotenoid. The gene of capsanthin-capsorubin synthase is present in two Capsicum varieties whose ripe colour is yellow |
| 5.3.99.12 | lachrymatory-factor synthase |
agriculture |
the enzyme is an important target gene in onion breeding for both flavor intensity and healthfulness |
| 5.4.4.2 | isochorismate synthase |
agriculture |
the enzyme can be considered in plant breeding programs for salinity tolerance as well as for pathogen resistance for the oilseed industrial medical plant Carthamus tinctorius |
| 5.4.99.5 | chorismate mutase |
agriculture |
the widespread presence of chorismate mutases in the specialized sedentary endoparasitic nematode species suggests that this multifunctional enzyme may be a key factor in modulating plant parasitism |
| 5.4.99.B22 | multisite-specific tRNA pseudouridine synthase |
agriculture |
functional disruption of a chloroplast pseudouridine synthase desensitizes Arabidopsis plants to phosphate starvation |
| 5.5.1.6 | chalcone isomerase |
agriculture |
transgenic tobacco overexpressing Saussurea medusa enzyme SmCHI produces up to fivefold more total flavonoids than wild-type, mainly due to accumulation of rutin. Transgenic tobacco treated with antisense SmCHI accumulates smaller amounts of flavonoids |
| 6.3.2.2 | glutamate-cysteine ligase |
agriculture |
comparison of three transgenic poplar lines over-expressing the Escherichia coli gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. The three lines differ in their expression levels of the transgene and in the accumulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glutathione in leaves, roots and phloem exudates. The lowest transgene expression level is observed in line Lggs6 which shows an increased growth, an enhanced rate of photosynthesis and a decreased excitation pressure. Line Lggs12 shows the highest transgene expression level, highest gamma-glutamylcysteine accumulation in leaves and highest glutathione enrichment in phloem exudates and roots. This line also exhibits a reduced growth, and after a prolonged growth of 4.5 months, symptoms of leaf injury |
| 6.3.2.2 | glutamate-cysteine ligase |
agriculture |
expression of GCS via agroinfection in the heavy metal intolerant grass Agrostis palustris. GCS and phytochelatin synthase are up-regulated in the transgenic lines. All the transgenic lines accumulate more Cd2+ and phytochelatins than the wild-type line, and three of five lines grow more effectively than the wild-type after either five or 21 days of Cd2+ stress. Variation among the transgenics is observed for the distribution of Cd2+ in the root, shoot and leaf. The malondialdehyde content of all the transgenic lines is lower than that of the wild type under Cd2+ treatment, while the activity of both superoxide dismutase and peroxidase present in the transgenic lines increases markedly 24 h after Cd2+ stress, and then rapidly declines |
| 6.3.2.2 | glutamate-cysteine ligase |
agriculture |
transformation of GCS gene via agroinfection into the heavy metal intolerant grass Agrostis palustris results in upregulation of GCS and phytochelatin synthase in the transgenic lines. Transgenic lines accumulate more Cd2+ and phytochelatins than the wild-type line, and three of five lines grow more effectively than the wild-type after either five or 21 d of Cd2+ stress. Variation among the transgenics is observed for the distribution of Cd2+ in the root, shoot and leaf. The malondialdehyde content of all the transgenic lines is lower than that of the wild type under Cd2+ treatment, while the activity of both superoxide dismutase and peroxidase present in the transgenic lines increases markedly 24 h after Cd2+ stress, and then rapidly declines |
| 6.3.4.4 | adenylosuccinate synthase |
agriculture |
target of herbicides |
| 6.3.5.4 | asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) |
agriculture |
transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpress CaAS1 exhibit enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Increased CaAS1 expression influences early defense responses in diseased leaves, including increased electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide burst. In CaAS1-silenced pepper and/or CaAS1-overexpressing Arabidopsis, CaAS1-dependent changes in asparagine levels correlate with increased susceptibility or defense responses to microbial pathogens, respectively |
| 6.4.1.2 | acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
agriculture |
the enzyme is a target for development of herbicides |
| 6.4.1.2 | acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
agriculture |
in a biotype resistant to five ACCase inhibitor herbicides tested the transcription of ACCase is 3.4-9.3 times higher than in the susceptible biotype. ACCase gene copy number is 5-7 times higher in the resistant compared with the susceptible biotype. ACCase gene overexpression is directly related to the increase of the ACCase gene copy number |
| 6.4.1.4 | methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase |
agriculture |
MCCase is of significance in comprehending how the mevalonate shunt can divert carbon away from the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, such as cholesterol, which has major implications in the prevention of vascular degenerate diseases |
| 6.6.1.1 | magnesium chelatase |
agriculture |
use of the CLCrV silencing vector to study gene function in cotton, via replacement of the CLCrV coat protein gene by up to 500 bp of DNA homologous to the magnesium chelatase subunit I gene ChlI. Temperature can have a major impact on the extent of geminivirus-induced gene silencing |
| 7.1.2.1 | P-type H+-exporting transporter |
agriculture |
addition of magnesium to toxic aluminium treatment helps maintain the tissue magnesium content and the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. These changes enhance the aluminium-dependent efflux of vitrate which provides extra protection from aluminium stress |
| 7.1.2.1 | P-type H+-exporting transporter |
agriculture |
isoform Vha2 is clearly up-regulated by Al in roots of Al-resistant but not of Al-sensitive plants, whereas the transcription levels of 14-3-3 protein are elevated in a time-dependent manner in both Al-resistant and Al-sensitive roots. Greater citrate exudation is positively correlated with higher activities of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in roots of Al-resistant compared with Al-sensitive plants. Phosphorylation and interaction of Vha2 with the 14-3-3 protein are enhanced in Al-resistant roots but not in Al-sensitive roots with increasing Al treatment time. Fusicoccin or adenosine 5'-monophosphate increase or decrease the interaction between the phosphorylated Vha2 and the 14-3-3 protein, followed by an enhancement or reduction of the H+-ATPase activity and citrate exudation in both cultivars under Al stress conditions, respectively |
| 7.1.2.1 | P-type H+-exporting transporter |
agriculture |
SEC24 vesicles, along with plasma membrane H+-ATPases stimulate roots formation under iron deficiency by enhancing rhizosphere acidification |
| 7.1.2.1 | P-type H+-exporting transporter |
agriculture |
there is a positive correlation between graft success and enzyme activity measured from the rootstock stem microsomes 2 months after grafting onto interspecific rootstocks, marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) and pedalai (Artocarpus sericicarpus) |
| 7.2.2.2 | ABC-type Cd2+ transporter |
agriculture |
improvement of heavy metal, salt or xenobiotic chemical tolerance in plants |
| 7.2.2.10 | P-type Ca2+ transporter |
agriculture |
the ability to manipulate metal transporters, such as by altering substrate specificity, is an essential step in developing genetically engineered plants that can be used for phytoremediation strategies for specific metals |
| 7.2.2.22 | P-type Mn2+ transporter |
agriculture |
the ability to manipulate metal transporters, such as by altering substrate specificity, is an essential step in developing genetically engineered plants that can be used for phytoremediation strategies for specific metals |
