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Literature summary for 2.8.2.5 extracted from

  • Yamaguchi, K.; Asakura, K.; Imamura, M.; Kawai, G.; Sakamoto, T.; Furihata, T.; Linhardt, R.J.; Igarashi, K.; Toida, T.; Higashi, K.
    Polyamines stimulate the CHSY1 synthesis through the unfolding of the RNA G-quadruplex at the 5-untraslated region (2018), Biochem. J., 475, 3797-3812 .
    View publication on PubMed
Search for more literature for 2.8.2.5

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin Homo sapiens
-
 adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 4'-sulfate
-
 ?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Homo sapiens Q9NRB3
-
-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
Caco-2 cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
cartilage
-
 Homo sapiens
-
HCT-116 cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
HEK-293 cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
Hep-G2 cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
MCF-7 cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
additional information analysis of the content of chondroitin sulfate (CS) in the cells, disaccharide composition analysis of CS, the expression level of CS is expressed as total amounts of unsaturated disaccharides, overview Homo sapiens
-
PANC-1 cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
skin
-
 Homo sapiens
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin
-
 Homo sapiens adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 4'-sulfate
-
 ?

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
C4ST2
-
 Homo sapiens
chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase 2
-
 Homo sapiens

Expression

Organism Comment Expression
Homo sapiens the expression levels of C4ST2 mRNA and protein decrease in DFMO-treated HCT-116 cells down
Homo sapiens polyamines stimulate the synthesis of C4ST2 in HCT-116 cells, C4ST2 is stimulated at the transcriptional level up

General Information

General Information Comment Organism
malfunction the ratio of 4-O-sulfation to 6-O-sulfation (4S/6S) and CS chain length, that occur during the aging process, are decreased in polyamine-depleted cells. In addition, decreased levels of chondroitin synthase 1 (CHSY1, EC 2.4.1.175) and chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase 2 proteins are also observed on polyamine depletion. The destabilization of G4 structures by polyamines (i.e. putrescine, spermidine and spermine) stimulates CHSY1 synthesis and, at least in part, contributes to the maturation of CS chains Homo sapiens
metabolism chondroitin sulfate (CS) biosynthesis is initiated once GalNAc is transferred by CSGalNAcT1 or 2 to the common linkage tetrasaccharide, GlcAbeta1-3galactose (Gal)beta1-3Galbeta1-4xylose (Xyl)beta1-O-serine in proteoglycans and chain elongation is then catalyzed by the chondroitin synthase (CHSY) 1-3/chondroitin-polymerizing factor (CHPF) heterodimer. After synthase-catalyzed polymerization, the majority of the GalNAc residues are 4-O-sulfated by chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferases (C4ST1, 2 and 3) or 6-O-sulfated by chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferases (C6ST1 and 2). In addition, resulting A- or C-unit can be further sulfated by GalNAc 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST) or chondroitin uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST), generating di-sulfated disaccharides, E-unit or D-unit, respectively. Structural changes in CS, particularly the ratio of 4-O-sulfation to 6-O-sulfation (4S/6S), occur during normal embryonic development, during growth, and in aging. For example, the 4S/6S ratios of CS (or DS) present in human skin and cartilage decrease from birth to age 20 Homo sapiens