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EC Tree
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Archaea
Synonyms
gaut1, galat, alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase, polygalacturonate 4-alpha-galacturonosyltransferase, galacturonosyltransferase1, diphosphogalacturonic acid:galat, pectin galat,
more
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alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase
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alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase1
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alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase7
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diphosphogalacturonic acid:GalAT
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EC 2.4.1.75
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-
formerly
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galacturonosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalacturonate-polygalacturonate alpha-
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-
-
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galacturonosyltransferase1
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galacturonosyltransferase7
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homogalacturonan alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase
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homogalacturonan alpha-1,4-GalAT
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UDP galacturonate-polygalacturonate alpha-galacturonosyltransferase
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-
-
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uridine diphosphogalacturonate-polygalacturonate alpha-galacturonosyltransferase
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-
-
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GalAT
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-
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UDP-alpha-D-galacturonate + [(1->4)-alpha-D-galacturonosyl]n = UDP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-galacturonosyl]n+1
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hexosyl group transfer
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-
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UDP-D-galacturonate:(1->4)-alpha-poly-D-galacturonate 4-alpha-D-galacturonosyltransferase
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UDP-D-galacturonate + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
UDP-D-galacturonate + homogalacturonan
?
-
-
-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + 2-aminobenzamide-labeled oligogalacturonide
?
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degree of polymerization between 12 and 17
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-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + fluorogenic pyridylaminated-oligogalacturonic acid
?
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degree of polymerization 7-14, galacturonic acid is transferred onto the nonreducing end of fluorogenic pyridylaminated-oligogalacturonic acid through alpha-1,4-linkages
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-
?
UDPgalacturonic acid + 4-nitrophenol
UDP + 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galacturonide
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-
-
?
UDP-D-galacturonate + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-D-galacturonate + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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involved in biosynthesis of pectin oligomers, overview
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-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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at least 34-89% alpha-1,4-linked homogalacturonan of approx. 105000 Da
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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acceptors are homogalacturonans with degrees of polymerization greater than 10, enzyme adds a single alpha-1,4-linked galacturonic acid residue onto homogalacturonan
-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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homogalaturonan synthesis by the solubilized enzyme occurs via the addition of D-galacturonic acid to the non-reducing end
-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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enzyme synthesizes 1-4-linked alpha-D-galacturonan
-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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required for the biosynthesis of the cell wall pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan
-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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acid-soluble polygalacturonic acid of 10000 Da is a better acceptor than acid-insoluble polygalacturonic acid of 70000 Da
-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
-
-
-
?
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UDP-D-galacturonate + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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involved in biosynthesis of pectin oligomers, overview
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-
?
UDP-D-galacturonic acid + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-galacturonosyl)n+1
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required for the biosynthesis of the cell wall pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan
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?
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Ca2+
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5 mM, 20% of activation with Mn2+
Na2SO4
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slight stimulation
NH4Cl
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slight stimulation
Zn2+
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5 mM, 8fold stimulation
CoCl2
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CoCl2
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slight stimulation
KCl
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25 mM, 76% stimulation
MgCl2
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5 mM, 20% of activation with Mn2+
MgCl2
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slight stimulation
MnCl2
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maximal activation at 0.25 mM
MnCl2
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5-10 mM, maximal activation, no activity without divalent cation
MnCl2
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5 mM, 40fold stimulation
MnCl2
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stimulation, optimal concentration: 1.7 mM
NaCl
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25 mM, 76% stimulation
NaCl
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slight stimulation
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ADP
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10 mM, 60% inhibition
ATP
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10 mM, 83% inhibition
dithiothreitol
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10 mM, 61% inhibition
EDTA
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10 mM, 82% inhibition
EGTA
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10 mM, 96% inhibition
GTP
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10 mM, 80% inhibition
NaF
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10 mM, 56% inhibition
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
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2 mM, 10% inhibition
UTP
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10 mM, 86% inhibition
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bovine serum albumin
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necessary in homogenization media
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Mersalyl
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maximal activation at 1 mM
sucrose
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400 mM, 5fold increase of activity
Triton X-102
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0.5%, acceptor acid-soluble polygalacturonic acid, 190% increase in activity
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UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
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5 mM, stimulation
Triton X-100
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0.06%, stimulation
Triton X-100
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0.5% acceptor acid-soluble polygalacturonic acid, 170% increase in activity
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Infertility, Male
Pectin Synthesis and Pollen Tube Growth in Arabidopsis Involves Three GAUT1 Golgi-Anchoring Proteins: GAUT5, GAUT6, and GAUT7.
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0.011 - 0.044
fluorogenic pyridylaminated-oligogalacturonic acid
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0.0017 - 0.17
UDP-D-galacturonic acid
additional information
additional information
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Km for acid-soluble polygalacturonic acid of 10000 Da: 0.02 mg/ml
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0.011
fluorogenic pyridylaminated-oligogalacturonic acid
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degree of polymerization: 14
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0.013
fluorogenic pyridylaminated-oligogalacturonic acid
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degree of polymerization: 11
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0.044
fluorogenic pyridylaminated-oligogalacturonic acid
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degree of polymerization: 7
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0.0017
UDP-D-galacturonic acid
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0.0089
UDP-D-galacturonic acid
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0.037
UDP-D-galacturonic acid
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solubilized enzyme
0.14
UDP-D-galacturonic acid
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0.17
UDP-D-galacturonic acid
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0.00095
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partially purified enzyme
0.0013 - 0.002
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activity in microsomes
additional information
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GalAT filter assay based on the ability of homogalacturonan to bind to cetylpyridinium chloride
additional information
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GalAT filter assay based on the ability of homogalacturonan to bind to cetylpyridinium chloride
additional information
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highest specific activity in seedlings germinated for 3 days
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6.3 - 7.8
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solubilized enzyme
6.8 - 7.8
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in the presence of 5 mM Mn2+ and 0.5% Triton X-100
7
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substrate fluorogenic pyridylaminated-oligogalacturonic acid
7.8
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assay at
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5.3 - 7
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33% of maximal activity at pH 5.3, 35% of maximal activity at pH 7.0
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25 - 30
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second minor optimum at 45 or 50°C
25 - 35
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in the presence of 5 mM Mn2+ and 0.5% Triton X-100
30
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assay at
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10 - 40
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approx. 40% of maximal activity at 10 and 40°C
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brenda
Duchesne, cv. Tokyou-Kabocha
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brenda
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brenda
L. var. Alaska, pea
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brenda
azuki bean
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brenda
mung beans
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brenda
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SwissProt
brenda
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UniProt
brenda
cv. Columbia
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brenda
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brenda
L. cv. Samsun
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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from cells derived from leaf calli
brenda
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brenda
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established from pith callus tissue
brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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associated with galacturonosyltransferase7 in a complex, posttranslationally cleaved
brenda
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catalytic side resides within the lumen
brenda
associated with galacturonosyltransferase1 in a complex
brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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metabolism
pectin biosynthesis
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GAUT1_ARATH
673
1
77373
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2 )
GAUTB_ARATH
537
1
61879
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1 )
A0A2H9ZSD1_9ASPA
719
0
82245
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 5 )
A0A7C9DAN3_OPUST
116
1
13090
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4 )
A0A7C9CV01_OPUST
145
0
16855
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3 )
A0A7C8YMP0_OPUST
113
1
12884
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1 )
A0A5B7C0C6_DAVIN
315
1
36211
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1 )
A0A2I0A8H8_9ASPA
177
2
19397
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2 )
A0A7C9E5E4_OPUST
99
1
11618
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1 )
A0A7C9CUJ2_OPUST
142
0
15863
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5 )
A0A7C9D1S2_OPUST
255
1
28641
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2 )
A0A7C9EG54_OPUST
186
0
20829
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4 )
A0A5B6Z711_DAVIN
300
1
33972
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2 )
A0A7C8YIS4_OPUST
164
0
18414
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3 )
A0A5B6Z9J7_DAVIN
179
0
20540
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3 )
A0A0B2SHX3_GLYSO
177
0
19763
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4 )
A0A7C8Z1C7_OPUST
129
0
14636
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2 )
A0A7C8YMI7_OPUST
162
1
18428
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 4 )
A0A5B7B3P8_DAVIN
156
1
17545
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3 )
A0A396IJW2_MEDTR
93
0
10507
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4 )
A0A7C9AG04_OPUST
157
1
17374
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2 )
A0A7C8YCN9_OPUST
113
1
12551
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1 )
A0A5B7B4H4_DAVIN
102
0
11522
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4 )
A0A7C9DJR0_OPUST
100
1
11304
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4 )
A0A087RMQ2_9ARCH
336
1
37339
TrEMBL
-
GAUT7_ARATH
619
0
69749
Swiss-Prot
-
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60000
2 * 60000, posttranslationally cleaved, in a complex with galacturonosyltransferase7, SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis
75000
1 * 75000, in a complex with posttranslationally cleaved galacturonosyltransferase1, SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis
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heterotrimer
1 * 75000, in a complex with posttranslationally cleaved galacturonosyltransferase1, SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis
heterotrimer
2 * 60000, posttranslationally cleaved, in a complex with galacturonosyltransferase7, SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis
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0
-
24 h, complete inactivation
37
-
5 min, complete inactivation
45
-
90 min, complete loss of activity
50
-
30 min, complete inactivation
30
-
90 min, 505 loss of activity
30
-
20 min, complete inactivation
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presence of bovine serum albumin is essential for preparation
-
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-18°C, 1,7 mM MnCl2, 11 days, 35% loss of activity
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-18°C, approx. 3 weeks, complete inactivation
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-18°C, without MnCl2, 11 days, 60% loss of activity
-
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partially from dark-grown cells
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solubilization from membranes with HEPES-buffer, pH 6.8, 40 mM CHAPS and 2 mM EDTA
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partial
-
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expression of GAUT1 cDNA in the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293
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analysis
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development of enzyme-bound solid-phase support containing long-pectic oligogalacturonides anchored to the resin material via disulfide-containing cleavable linker, enzyme is reversibly bound, for performance of solid-phase biosynthetic reaction to investigate the pectin oligomer biosynthesis, product identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, overview
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Villemez, C.L.; Swanson, A.L.; Hassid, W.Z.
Properties of a polygalacturonic acid-synthesizing enzyme system from Phaseolus aureus seedlings
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
116
446-452
1966
Vigna radiata var. radiata
brenda
Doong, R.L.; Liljebjelke, K.; Fralish, G.; Kumar, A.; Mohnen, D.
Cell-free synthesis of pectin. Identification and partial characterization of polygalaturonate 4-alpha-galaturonosyltransferase and its products from membrane preparations of tobacco cell-suspension cultures
Plant Physiol.
109
141-152
1995
Nicotiana tabacum
brenda
Doong, R.L.; Mohnen, D.
Solubilization and characterization of a galacturonosyltransferase that synthesizes the pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan
Plant J.
13
363-374
1998
Nicotiana tabacum
-
brenda
Scheller, H.V.; Doong, R.L.; Ridley, B.L.; Mohnen, D.
Pectin biosynthesis. A solubilized alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase from tobacco catalyzes the transfer of galacturonic acid from UDP-galacturonic acid onto the non-reducing end of homogalacturonan
Planta
207
512-517
1999
Nicotiana tabacum
-
brenda
Takeuchi, Y.; Tsumuraya, Y.
In vitro biosynthesis of homogalacturonan by a membrane-bound galacturonosyltransferase from epicotyls of azuki bean
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
65
1519-1527
2001
Vigna angularis
brenda
Sterling, J.D.; Quigley, H.F.; Orellana, A.; Mohnen, D.
The catalytic site of the pectin biosynthetic enzyme alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase is located in the lumen of the Golgi
Plant Physiol.
127
360-371
2001
Pisum sativum
brenda
Akita, K.; Ishimizu, T.; Tsukamoto, T.; Ando, T.; Hase, S.
Successive glycosyltransfer activity and enzymatic characterization of pectic polygalacturonate 4-alpha-galacturonosyltransferase solubilized from pollen tubes of Petunia axillaris using pyridylaminated oligogalacturonates as substrates
Plant Physiol.
130
374-379
2002
Petunia axillaris
brenda
Ishii, T.
A sensitive and rapid bioassay of homogalacturonan synthase using 2-aminobenzamide-labeled oligogalacturonides
Plant Cell Physiol.
43
1386-1389
2002
Cucurbita moschata
brenda
Vessey, D.A.; Zakim, D.
The identification of a unique p-nitrophenol conjugating enzyme in guinea pig liver microsomes
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
315
43-48
1973
Cavia porcellus
brenda
Guillaumie, F.; Sterling, J.D.; Jensen, K.J.; Thomas, O.R.T.; Mohnen, D.
Solid-supported enzymatic synthesis of pectic oligogalacturonides and their analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
Carbohydr. Res.
338
1951-1960
2003
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Sterling, J.D.; Lemons, J.A.; Forkner, I.F.; Mohnen, D.
Development of a filter assay for measuring homogalacturonan: alpha-(1,4)-galacturonosltransferase activity
Anal. Biochem.
343
231-236
2005
Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum
brenda
Sterling, J.D.; Atmodjo, M.A.; Inwood, S.E.; Kumar Kolli, V.S.; Quigley, H.F.; Hahn, M.G.; Mohnen, D.
Functional identification of an Arabidopsis pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
103
5236-5241
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9LE59), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Atmodjo, M.A.; Sakuragi, Y.; Zhu, X.; Burrell, A.J.; Mohanty, S.S.; Atwood, J.A.; Orlando, R.; Scheller, H.V.; Mohnen, D.
Galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT)1 and GAUT7 are the core of a plant cell wall pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan:galacturonosyltransferase complex
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
108
20225-20230
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9LE59), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9ZVI7)
brenda
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