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3-keto-4-pentenoyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
3-keto-4-pentenoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
?
acetoacetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetoacetyl(-)carnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + (-)-norcarnitine
acetylnorcarnitine + CoASH
-
beta-hydroxy-gamma-dimethylaminobutyrate
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + (trishydroxymethyl)glycine
acetyl(trishydroxymethyl)glycine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
-
low activity with wild-type enzyme. Mutant enzymes T465V/T467N/R518N and A106M/T465V/T467N/R518N show improved catalytic efficiency toward choline (Kcat/Km) compared with that of the wild type enzyme
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + DL-beta-hydroxy-gamma-aminobutyrate
beta-hydroxybutyrate + CoASH
-
non-methylated derivative of carnitine
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + DL-norcarnitine
acetylnorcarnitine + CoASH
-
beta-hydroxy-gamma-dimethylaminobutyrate
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
acetyl-CoA + tris(hydroxymethyl)aminoethansulfonic acid
acetyl-tris(hydroxymethyl)aminoethansulfonic acid + CoASH
-
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
acetyl-tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane + CoASH
-
-
-
-
?
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acylcarnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
bromoacetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
bromoacetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
?
butyryl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-butyrylcarnitine
butyryl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-butyryl-L-carnitine
-
-
-
-
?
butyryl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-butyrylcarnitine
CoA + O-acetyl-L-carnitine
acetyl-CoA + L-carnitine
-
-
-
-
?
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
r
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-decanoylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-hexanoylcarnitine
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
hexanoyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-hexanoyl-L-carnitine
-
-
-
-
?
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
isobutyryl-CoA + carnitine
isobutyrylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
isobutyrylcarnitine + CoASH
isobutyryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
isovaleryl-CoA + carnitine
isovalerylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
isovalerylcarnitine + CoASH
isovaleryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
malonyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
malonylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
malonylcarnitine + CoASH
malonyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
slight transfer of the acyl group to carnitine
-
-
r
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-valeryl-CoA + carnitine
n-valerylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
n-valerylcarnitine + CoASH
n-valeryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetoacetyl(-)carnitine + CoASH
acetoacetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-octanoylcarnitine
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
octanoyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-octanoylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
palmitoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-palmitoylcarnitine
-
wild-type enzyme shows no activity, mutant enzymes M564G and D356A/M564G show activity
-
-
?
palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-palmitoylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
propionyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-propionylcarnitine
-
-
-
?
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-propionyl-L-carnitine
-
-
-
-
?
propionyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-propionylcarnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
additional information
?
-
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
modulates acetyl-CoA and CoA availability for a wide range of acyl-transfer reactions, involved in fatty acid metabolism
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
modulates acetyl-CoA and CoA availability for a wide range of acyl-transfer reactions, involved in fatty acid metabolism
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
modulates acetyl-CoA and CoA availability for a wide range of acyl-transfer reactions, involved in fatty acid metabolism
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
modulates acetyl-CoA and CoA availability for a wide range of acyl-transfer reactions, involved in fatty acid metabolism
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
this reaction is important in transferring activated acetyl groups to the mitochondria and in regulating the acetyl-CoA/CoA pools within the cell
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487402, 487405, 487406, 487410, 487411, 487413, 487415, 487418, 487424, 487425, 487426, 487427 -
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487397, 487399, 487400, 487401, 487403, 487404, 487405, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487412, 487414, 487418, 487419, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487428, 487431, 487432 -
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487399, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487427, 487428, 487430, 487431, 487433 -
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
486295, 487403, 487404, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487414, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487429, 487430, 487432 -
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487402, 487405, 487406, 487410, 487411, 487413, 487415, 487418, 487424, 487425, 487426, 487427 -
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487397, 487399, 487400, 487401, 487403, 487404, 487405, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487412, 487414, 487418, 487419, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487428, 487431, 487432 -
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487399, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487427, 487428, 487430, 487431, 487433 -
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
486295, 487403, 487404, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487414, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487429, 487430, 487432 -
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
Torulopsis bovina
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acetylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487402, 487405, 487406, 487410, 487411, 487413, 487415, 487418, 487424, 487425, 487426, 487427 -
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487397, 487399, 487400, 487401, 487403, 487404, 487405, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487412, 487414, 487418, 487419, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487428, 487431, 487432 -
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
487399, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487427, 487428, 487430, 487431, 487433 -
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
486295, 487403, 487404, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487414, 487416, 487417, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487429, 487430, 487432 -
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + carnitine
acylcarnitine + CoASH
Torulopsis bovina
-
-
-
-
r
acyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
acyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
acyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-acylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
487402, 487405, 487406, 487410, 487411, 487413, 487415, 487418, 487424, 487425, 487426, 487427 -
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
487397, 487399, 487400, 487401, 487403, 487404, 487405, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487412, 487414, 487418, 487419, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487428, 487431, 487432 -
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
487399, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487427, 487428, 487430, 487431, 487433 -
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
486295, 487403, 487404, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487414, 487416, 487417, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487429, 487430, 487432 -
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
acylcarnitine + CoASH
acyl-CoA + carnitine
Torulopsis bovina
-
-
-
-
r
butyryl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-butyrylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
butyryl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-butyrylcarnitine
-
-
-
r
butyryl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-butyrylcarnitine
-
wild-type enzyme shows maximal activity towards butyryl-CoA
-
-
?
butyryl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-butyrylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
butyryl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-butyrylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
butyryl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-butyrylcarnitine
-
preferred substrate
-
-
r
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
decanoylcarnitine + CoASH
decanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-hexanoylcarnitine
very low activity
-
-
r
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-hexanoylcarnitine
-
mutant enzymes M564G and D356A/M564G show maximal activity towards hexanoyl-CoA
-
-
?
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
?
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
hexanoylcarnitine + CoASH
hexanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
n-butyrylcarnitine + CoASH
n-butyryl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
mitochondrial fatty acid transport
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
key enzyme for the translocation of acetyl units between intracellular compartments
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
487402, 487405, 487406, 487410, 487411, 487413, 487415, 487418, 487424, 487425, 487426, 487427 -
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
487397, 487399, 487400, 487401, 487403, 487404, 487405, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487412, 487414, 487418, 487419, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487428, 487431, 487432 -
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
487399, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487427, 487428, 487430, 487431, 487433 -
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
486295, 487403, 487404, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487414, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487429, 487430 -
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
key mitochondrial enzyme for fuel utilization, essential functions are to regenerate CoA, which allows peroxisomal beta-oxidation to proceed, and to facilitate transport of acetyl moieties to mitochondria for oxidation
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
acetate metabolism, enzyme transports activated acetyl group from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
487402, 487405, 487406, 487410, 487411, 487413, 487415, 487418, 487424, 487425, 487426, 487427 -
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
487397, 487399, 487400, 487401, 487403, 487404, 487405, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487412, 487414, 487418, 487419, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487428, 487431, 487432 -
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
487399, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487426, 487427, 487428, 487430, 487431, 487433 -
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
486295, 487403, 487404, 487406, 487407, 487408, 487410, 487414, 487416, 487418, 487421, 487422, 487423, 487424, 487429, 487430, 487432 -
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
O-acetylcarnitine + CoASH
acetyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
Torulopsis bovina
-
-
-
-
r
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-octanoylcarnitine
-
-
-
?
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-octanoylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
CoA + O-octanoylcarnitine
very low activity
-
-
r
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
octanoylcarnitine + CoASH
octanoyl-CoA + carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
-
-
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-propionylcarnitine
-
preferred substrate
-
-
r
propionyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-propionylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
?
propionyl-CoA + L-carnitine
CoA + O-propionylcarnitine
-
-
-
-
r
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
propionylcarnitine + CoASH
propionyl-CoA + L-(-)carnitine
-
-
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
-
D-carnitine is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
palmitoyl-CoA is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
octanoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
carnitine acetyltransferases are required for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources but not for pathogenesis in Candida albicans
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
carnitine acetyltransferases are required for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources but not for pathogenesis in Candida albicans. Strains lacking CTN1 or CTN2 are unable to grow on ethanol or acetate as sole carbon source
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
crotonyl-CoA is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
octanoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
pentanoyl-CoA, hexanoyl-CoA, decanoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
hydroxyethylpiperazineethansulfonic acid is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethylhexanoic acid, 3-acetoxy-5,5-dimethylhexanoic acid, R-(+)-3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethylhexanoic acid and S-(-)-3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethylhexanoic acid are not substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
D-carnitine is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
D-carnitine is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
palmitoyl-CoA is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
palmitoyl-CoA is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows some activity with acyl-CoAs of longer chain length including C12- and C14-CoA, but not with C16-CoA. Trans-2-enoyl-CoA intermediates such as trans-2-ene-C4-CoA (crotonyl-CoA, trans-2-C4:1-CoA), trans-2-ene-3-methyl-C4-CoA (3-methylcrotonyl-CoA), and trans-2-ene-2-methyl-C4-CoA are poor substrates for the enzyme and no activity is found with dicarboxylic acyl-CoA esters
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
palmityl-CoA does not act as a substrate for the liver enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
O-acetyl-(+)-carnitine and reduced glutathione will not serve as substrates, succinyl-CoA or beta-hydroxy-betamethylglutaryl-CoA are no substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
wild type enzyme is almost inactive towards longer chain fatty acids, some mutations increases activity towards longer chain fatty acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
carnitine acetyltransferases catalyse the reversible reaction between carnitine and acetyl-CoA to form acetylcarnitine and free CoA. This reaction is important in transferring activated acetyl groups to the mitochondria and in regulating the acetyl-CoA/CoA pools within the cell
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
carnitine acetyltransferases catalyse the reversible reaction between carnitine and acetyl-CoA to form acetylcarnitine and free CoA. This reaction is important in transferring activated acetyl groups to the mitochondria and in regulating the acetyl-CoA/CoA pools within the cell
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
CAT2 contributes to the response to oxidative stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CAT2 contributes to the response to oxidative stress
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
only (-) optical isomers are substrates, unnatural (+) isomers are competitive inhibitors
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Torulopsis bovina
-
no carnitine acyltransferase activity with acyl CoAs of carbon chain lengths greater than 3
-
-
?
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Alzheimer Disease
Carnitine acetyltransferase activity in the human brain and its microvessels is decreased in Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Carnitine acyltransferases are not changed in Alzheimer disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Chromatographic separation of reaction products from the choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase assay: differential ChAT and CrAT activity in brain extracts from Alzheimer's disease versus controls.
Asthma
Assessment of asthma control using CARAT in patients with and without Allergic Rhinitis: A pilot study in primary care.
Asthma
Asthma and pregnancy in the 2020 decade: still a matter of concern.
Asthma
Asthma control in the Portuguese National Asthma Survey.
Asthma
Characteristics of Reliever Inhaler Users and Asthma Control: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study in Portuguese Community Pharmacies.
Asthma
Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARAT): dissemination and applications in primary care.
Asthma
MACVIA-ARIA Sentinel NetworK for allergic rhinitis (MASK-rhinitis): the new generation guideline implementation.
Asthma
Self-management research of asthma and good drug use (SMARAGD study): a pilot trial.
Asthma
The control of allergic rhinitis in real life: a multicenter cross-sectional Italian study.
Asthma
The impact of weight loss beyond lung function: benefit with respect to asthma outcomes.
Asthma
The Measurement of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control in Children and Adolescents.
Asthma
Transfer of innovation on allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in the elderly (MACVIA-ARIA) - EIP on AHA Twinning Reference Site (GARD research demonstration project).
Asthma
Turkish language validity and reliability of the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test and its comparison with other scales.
Asthma
Use of the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test and pulmonary function tests to assess asthma control in pregnancy.
Asthma
Validation of a questionnaire (CARAT10) to assess rhinitis and asthma in patients with asthma.
Brain Diseases
CRAT missense variants cause abnormal carnitine acetyltransferase function in an early-onset case of Leigh syndrome.
Brain Diseases
Fatal ataxic encephalopathy and carnitine acetyltransferase deficiency: a functional defect of pyruvate oxidation?
Breast Neoplasms
CARAT: A novel method for allelic detection of DNA copy number changes using high density oligonucleotide arrays.
carnitine o-acetyltransferase deficiency
CRAT missense variants cause abnormal carnitine acetyltransferase function in an early-onset case of Leigh syndrome.
carnitine o-acetyltransferase deficiency
Fatal ataxic encephalopathy and carnitine acetyltransferase deficiency: a functional defect of pyruvate oxidation?
Cholecystitis
[Mechanisms of reversibility of fatty degeneration]
Cholestasis
Inhibition of carnitine acyltransferase activities by bile acids in rat liver peroxisomes.
Coronary Artery Disease
Effect of serial infusions of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (CER-001) on coronary atherosclerosis: rationale and design of the CARAT study.
COVID-19
The COVID-19 Army Rapid Assessment Tool (CARAT) for Management of COVID-19 in the Deployed Setting.
Dental Calculus
Captures of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) and nontarget insects on red spheres versus yellow spheres and panels.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Carnitine acyltransferases and acyl-CoA hydrolases in human and rat liver.
Hepatomegaly
Comparative induction of cytochrome P450IVA1 and peroxisome proliferation by ciprofibrate in the rat and marmoset.
Hepatomegaly
Species differences in induction of hepatic enzymes by BM 17.0744, an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha).
Hypersensitivity
MACVIA-ARIA Sentinel NetworK for allergic rhinitis (MASK-rhinitis): the new generation guideline implementation.
Hypersensitivity
Transfer of innovation on allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in the elderly (MACVIA-ARIA) - EIP on AHA Twinning Reference Site (GARD research demonstration project).
Hypertension
Carotid Arterial Calcium Scoring Using Upper Airway Computed Tomography in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Efficacy as a Clinical Predictor of Cerebrocardiovascular Disease.
Infections
Candida albicans CTN gene family is induced during macrophage infection: homology, disruption and phenotypic analysis of CTN3 gene.
Infections
Peroxisomal carnitine acetyl transferase is required for elaboration of penetration hyphae during plant infection by Magnaporthe grisea.
Insulin Resistance
Carnitine acetyltransferase: A new player in skeletal muscle insulin resistance?
Insulin Resistance
Carnitine Orotate Complex Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis Through Carnitine Acetyltransferase Pathway.
Insulin Resistance
Retention of acetylcarnitine in chronic kidney disease causes insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
Intracranial Aneurysm
Predictors and outcomes of intraprocedural rupture in patients treated for ruptured intracranial aneurysms: the CARAT study.
Ischemic Stroke
Measurement of platelet aggregation during antiplatelet therapy in ischemic stroke.
Keratosis
5-fluorouracil 0.5% cream for multiple actinic or solar keratoses of the face and anterior scalp.
Leigh Disease
CRAT missense variants cause abnormal carnitine acetyltransferase function in an early-onset case of Leigh syndrome.
Lung Neoplasms
Human calcitonin gene regulation by helix-loop-helix recognition sequences.
Metabolic Syndrome
Control of mitochondrial metabolism and systemic energy homeostasis by microRNAs 378 and 378.
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
Muscle carnitine acetyltransferase and carnitine deficiency in a case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Downregulation of carnitine acyltransferases and organic cation transporter OCTN2 in mononuclear cells in healthy elderly and patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.
Myocardial Infarction
Beneficial effects of tender coconut water against isoproterenol induced toxicity on heart mitochondrial activities in rats.
Neoplasms
Human calcitonin gene regulation by helix-loop-helix recognition sequences.
Neoplasms
Peroxisome-associated enzymes and serum lipids in tumour-bearing rats treated with peroxisome-proliferating agents.
Neoplasms
The tumour promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate increases the activities of some peroxisome-associated enzymes in in vitro cell culture.
Obesity
Control of mitochondrial metabolism and systemic energy homeostasis by microRNAs 378 and 378.
Obesity
Obesity and lipid stress inhibit carnitine acetyltransferase activity.
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Muscle carnitine deficiency in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease.
Rhinitis
Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARAT): dissemination and applications in primary care.
Rhinitis
Transfer of innovation on allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in the elderly (MACVIA-ARIA) - EIP on AHA Twinning Reference Site (GARD research demonstration project).
Rhinitis
Use of the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test and pulmonary function tests to assess asthma control in pregnancy.
Rhinitis, Allergic
Assessment of asthma control using CARAT in patients with and without Allergic Rhinitis: A pilot study in primary care.
Rhinitis, Allergic
Asthma and pregnancy in the 2020 decade: still a matter of concern.
Rhinitis, Allergic
Effect of nasal irrigation on allergic rhinitis control in children; complementarity between CARAT and MASK outcomes.
Rhinitis, Allergic
MACVIA-ARIA Sentinel NetworK for allergic rhinitis (MASK-rhinitis): the new generation guideline implementation.
Rhinitis, Allergic
The control of allergic rhinitis in real life: a multicenter cross-sectional Italian study.
Rhinitis, Allergic
The Measurement of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control in Children and Adolescents.
Rhinitis, Allergic
Transfer of innovation on allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in the elderly (MACVIA-ARIA) - EIP on AHA Twinning Reference Site (GARD research demonstration project).
Rhinitis, Allergic
Use of the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test and pulmonary function tests to assess asthma control in pregnancy.
Sepsis
Rat liver peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in sepsis.
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Human calcitonin gene regulation by helix-loop-helix recognition sequences.
Starvation
The effect of starvation on obese mice.
Stroke
Impact of a Computerized Antithrombotic Risk Assessment Tool on the Prescription of Thromboprophylaxis in Atrial Fibrillation: Hospital Setting.
Stroke
Measurement of platelet aggregation during antiplatelet therapy in ischemic stroke.
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50
(trishydroxymethyl)glycine
-
-
0.307
acetyl-DL-carnitine
-
-
0.019 - 0.639
acetylcarnitine
0.015 - 0.499
butyryl-CoA
0.48 - 0.66
butyrylcarnitine
0.0287 - 0.064
decanoyl-CoA
0.64 - 0.66
decanoylcarnitine
40
DL-beta-hydroxy-gamma-aminobutyrate
-
-
0.02 - 0.112
hexanoyl-CoA
2.28 - 2.51
hexanoylcarnitine
0.039 - 0.244
L-(-)-carnitine
0.3 - 0.36
O-acetyl-L-carnitine
-
0.011 - 0.0503
octanoyl-CoA
1.27 - 1.62
octanoylcarnitine
0.0072
palmitoyl-CoA
-
mutant enzyme D356A/M564G
0.014 - 0.185
propionyl-CoA
0.65
propionylcarnitine
-
-
additional information
additional information
-
Km acetylcarnitine 1.25 mg/ml
-
0.012
acetyl-CoA
-
sperm enzyme
0.014
acetyl-CoA
-
peroxisomal enzyme
0.02
acetyl-CoA
-
heart enzyme
0.021
acetyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, wild-type enzyme
0.023
acetyl-CoA
recombinant enzyme from yeast, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.023
acetyl-CoA
-
mutant enzyme D356A/M564G
0.032
acetyl-CoA
M564G mutant enzyme from yeast, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.0324
acetyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, mutant enzyme H343E
0.036
acetyl-CoA
-
mitochondrial enzyme
0.038
acetyl-CoA
-
mitochondrial enzyme
0.042
acetyl-CoA
-
peroxisomal enzyme
0.042
acetyl-CoA
wild type enzyme, pH 8.0
0.0596
acetyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, mutant enzyme S554A/M564G
0.064
acetyl-CoA
F545Y mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
0.0746
acetyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, mutant enzyme M564G
0.078
acetyl-CoA
-
peroxisomal enzyme, at pH 7.4 and 37°C
0.087
acetyl-CoA
Y431A mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
0.0921
acetyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, mutant enzyme S554A
0.12
acetyl-CoA
R497Q mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
0.178
acetyl-CoA
F545A mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
0.188
acetyl-CoA
T444A mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
0.24
acetyl-CoA
-
mitochondrial enzyme, at pH 7.4 and 37°C
0.498
acetyl-CoA
Y431F mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
0.019
acetylcarnitine
-
supplementation with R-alpha-lipoic acid
0.39
acetylcarnitine
-
enzyme from liver homogenate
0.417
acetylcarnitine
-
peroxisomal enzyme
0.6
acetylcarnitine
-
enzyme from mitochondria
0.639
acetylcarnitine
-
mitochondrial enzyme
0.015
butyryl-CoA
M564G mutant enzyme from yeast, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.03
butyryl-CoA
recombinant enzyme from yeast, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.499
butyryl-CoA
-
mitochondrial enzyme, at pH 7.4 and 37°C
0.48
butyrylcarnitine
-
enzyme from liver homogenate
0.66
butyrylcarnitine
-
enzyme from mitochondria
0.0035
carnitine
liver homogenate, pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.011
carnitine
mitochondria from liver, pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0537
carnitine
heart homogenate, pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0562
carnitine
mitochondria from heart, pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.086
carnitine
-
cosubstrate propionyl-CoA
0.086
carnitine
M564G mutant enzyme from yeast with octanoyl-CoA as second substrate, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.097
carnitine
-
cosubstrate acetyl-CoA
0.101
carnitine
-
wild-type enzyme
0.12
carnitine
-
cosubstrate hexanoyl-CoA
0.148
carnitine
-
cosubstrate octanoyl-CoA
0.152
carnitine
-
cosubstrate butyryl-CoA
0.164
carnitine
M564G mutant enzyme from yeast with hexanoyl-CoA as second substrate, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.17
carnitine
M564G mutant enzyme from yeast with butyryl-CoA as second substrate, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.203
carnitine
recombinant enzyme from yeast with acetyl-CoA as second substrate, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.22
carnitine
recombinant enzyme from yeast with butyryl-CoA as second substrate, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.339
carnitine
M564G mutant enzyme from yeast with acetyl-CoA as second substrate, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.567
carnitine
recombinant enzyme from yeast with hexanoyl-CoA as second substrate, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.58
carnitine
-
cosubstrate decanoyl-CoA
0.964
carnitine
recombinant enzyme from yeast with octanoyl-CoA as second substrate, pH 7.8, 30°C
1
carnitine
-
mitochondrial enzyme
1.1
carnitine
-
cytosolic enzyme
260
carnitine
-
mutant enzyme T465V/T467N/R518N
300
carnitine
-
above, mutant enzyme A106M/T465V/T467N/R518N
1.1
choline
-
brain enzyme
18.1
choline
-
mutant enzyme A106M/T465V/T467N/R518N
29
choline
-
mutant enzyme T465V/T467N/R518N
86.4
choline
-
wild-type enzyme
0.0328
CoA
mitochondria from heart, pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0664
CoA
heart homogenate, pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0888
CoA
mitochondria from liver, pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.1134
CoA
liver homogenate, pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.009
CoASH
-
-
0.018
CoASH
-
supplementation with R-alpha-lipoic acid
0.022
CoASH
-
substrate hexanoylcarnitine, enzyme from liver homogenate
0.024
CoASH
-
substrate decanoylcarnitine, enzyme from liver homogenate
0.027
CoASH
-
substrate decanoylcarnitine, enzyme from mitochondria
0.027
CoASH
-
substrate butyrylcarnitine and octanoylcarnitine, enzyme from liver homogenate
0.028
CoASH
-
substrate acetylcarnitine, enzyme from liver homogenate
0.032
CoASH
-
substrate acetylcarnitine, enzyme from mitochondria
0.038
CoASH
-
substrate butyrylcarnitine, enzyme from mitochondria
0.044
CoASH
-
substrate hexanoylcarnitine, enzyme from mitochondria
0.054
CoASH
-
substrate octanoylcarnitine, enzyme from mitochondria
0.09
CoASH
-
mitochondrial enzyme
0.11
CoASH
-
cytosolic enzyme
0.257
CoASH
-
mitochondrial enzyme
0.304
CoASH
-
peroxisomal enzyme
0.0287
decanoyl-CoA
-
-
0.64
decanoylcarnitine
-
enzyme from mitochondria
0.66
decanoylcarnitine
-
enzyme from liver homogenate
0.72
DL-carnitine
-
-
0.02
hexanoyl-CoA
-
-
0.022
hexanoyl-CoA
M564G mutant enzyme from yeast, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.0224
hexanoyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, mutant enzyme M564G
0.033
hexanoyl-CoA
recombinant enzyme from yeast, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.0415
hexanoyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, mutant enzyme S554A
0.1034
hexanoyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, wild-type enzyme
0.112
hexanoyl-CoA
21°C, pH 7.8, mutant enzyme S554A/M564G
2.28
hexanoylcarnitine
-
enzyme from liver homogenate
2.51
hexanoylcarnitine
-
enzyme from mitochondria
0.039
L-(-)-carnitine
-
-
0.244
L-(-)-carnitine
-
-
0.1
L-carnitine
-
at pH 7.8 and 37°C
0.1
L-carnitine
-
at pH 7.8 and 37°C
0.11
L-carnitine
wild type enzyme, pH 8.0
0.121
L-carnitine
-
cosubstrate butanoyl-CoA
0.15
L-carnitine
F545Y mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
0.344
L-carnitine
-
cosubstrate hexanoyl-CoA
0.395
L-carnitine
-
cosubstrate octanoyl-CoA
0.519
L-carnitine
-
cosubstrate decanoyl-CoA
0.622
L-carnitine
-
mitochondrial enzyme, second substrate acetyl-CoA
0.655
L-carnitine
-
peroxisomal enzyme, second substrate propionyl-CoA
0.719
L-carnitine
-
peroxisomal enzyme, second substrate acetyl-CoA
0.774
L-carnitine
-
mitochondrial enzyme, second substrate propionyl-CoA
2
L-carnitine
F545A mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
7.5
L-carnitine
T444A mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
11.1
L-carnitine
Y431A mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
25.6
L-carnitine
R497Q mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
35.9
L-carnitine
Y431F mutant enzyme, pH 8.0
0.3
O-acetyl-L-carnitine
-
heart enzyme
-
0.36
O-acetyl-L-carnitine
-
sperm enzyme
-
0.011
octanoyl-CoA
M564G mutant enzyme from yeast, pH 7.8, 30°C
0.025
octanoyl-CoA
recombinant enzyme from yeast, pH 7.8, 30°C
1.27
octanoylcarnitine
-
enzyme from mitochondria
1.39
octanoylcarnitine
-
-
1.62
octanoylcarnitine
-
enzyme from liver homogenate
0.014
propionyl-CoA
-
-
0.034
propionyl-CoA
-
peroxisomal enzyme
0.1
propionyl-CoA
-
peroxisomal enzyme
0.162
propionyl-CoA
-
mitochondrial enzyme
0.185
propionyl-CoA
-
mitochondrial enzyme
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The preparation of crystalline carnitine acetyltransferase
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1965
Columba sp., Ovis aries, Sus scrofa
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Columba sp., Oryctolagus cuniculus, Homo sapiens
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Columba sp., Rattus norvegicus
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Purification of heart and liver mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase
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Columba sp.
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-
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P32796)
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Zhou, H.; Lorenz, M.C.
Carnitine acetyltransferases are required for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources but not for pathogenesis in Candida albicans
Microbiology
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Candida albicans
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Sharma, S.; Sud, N.; Wiseman, D.; Carter, A.; Kumar, S.; Hou, Y.; Rau, T.; Wilham, J.; Harmon, C.; Oishi, P.; Fineman, J.; Black, S.
Altered carnitine homeostasis is associated with decreased mitochondrial function and altered nitric oxide signaling in lambs with pulmonary hypertension
Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol.
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Ovis aries
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En-Nosse, M.; Hartmann, S.; Trinkaus, K.; Alt, V.; Stigler, B.; Heiss, C.; Kilian, O.; Schnettler, R.; Lips, K.S.
Expression of non-neuronal cholinergic system in osteoblast-like cells and its involvement in osteogenesis
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Homo sapiens, Mus musculus (P47934), Mus musculus
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Robic, A.; Faraut, T.; Liaubet, L.; Milan, D.
The carnitine acetyltransferase gene (CRAT): a characterization of porcine transcripts with insights into the 5-end variants of mammalian transcripts and their possible sub-cellular localization
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Sus scrofa (A9JPD4), Sus scrofa
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Strijbis, K.; van Roermund, C.W.; Visser, W.F.; Mol, E.C.; van den Burg, J.; MacCallum, D.M.; Odds, F.C.; Paramonova, E.; Krom, B.P.; Distel, B.
Carnitine-dependent transport of acetyl coenzyme A in Candida albicans is essential for growth on nonfermentable carbon sources and contributes to biofilm formation
Eukaryot. Cell
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Candida albicans
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Jaudzems, K.; Kuka, J.; Gutsaits, A.; Zinovjevs, K.; Kalvinsh, I.; Liepinsh, E.; Liepinsh, E.; Dambrova, M.
Inhibition of carnitine acetyltransferase by mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism
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Columba livia
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Hynes, M.J.; Murray, S.L.; Andrianopoulos, A.; Davis, M.A.
Role of carnitine acetyltransferases in acetyl coenzyme A metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans
Eukaryot. Cell
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Aspergillus nidulans
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Strijbis, K.; van Roermund, C.W.; van den Burg, J.; van den Berg, M.; Hardy, G.P.; Wanders, R.J.; Distel, B.
Contributions of carnitine acetyltransferases to intracellular acetyl unit transport in Candida albicans
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Candida albicans
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Bailey, J.A.; Lahiri, D.K.
Chromatographic separation of reaction products from the choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase assay: differential ChAT and CrAT activity in brain extracts from Alzheimers disease versus controls
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Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
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Violante, S.; Ijlst, L.; Ruiter, J.; Koster, J.; van Lenthe, H.; Duran, M.; de Almeida, I.T.; Wanders, R.J.; Houten, S.M.; Ventura, F.V.
Substrate specificity of human carnitine acetyltransferase: Implications for fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
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2013
Homo sapiens
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Kienesberger, K.; Pordes, A.G.; Voelk, T.G.; Hofbauer, R.
L-carnitine and PPARalpha-agonist fenofibrate are involved in the regulation of carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) mRNA levels in murine liver cells
BMC Genomics
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Mus musculus
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Seiler, S.E.; Koves, T.R.; Gooding, J.R.; Wong, K.E.; Stevens, R.D.; Ilkayeva, O.R.; Wittmann, A.H.; DeBalsi, K.L.; Davies, M.N.; Lindeboom, L.; Schrauwen, P.; Schrauwen-Hinderling, V.B.; Muoio, D.M.
Carnitine acetyltransferase mitigates metabolic inertia and muscle fatigue during exercise
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Homo sapiens
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Davies, M.N.; Kjalarsdottir, L.; Thompson, J.W.; Dubois, L.G.; Stevens, R.D.; Ilkayeva, O.R.; Brosnan, M.J.; Rolph, T.P.; Grimsrud, P.A.; Muoio, D.M.
The acetyl group buffering action of carnitine acetyltransferase offsets macronutrient-induced lysine acetylation of mitochondrial proteins
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Mus musculus
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Sharma, S.; Sun, X.; Agarwal, S.; Rafikov, R.; Dasarathy, S.; Kumar, S.; Black, S.
Role of carnitine acetyl transferase in regulation of nitric oxide signaling in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells
Int. J. Mol. Sci.
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Homo sapiens
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Miyata, Y.; Shimomura, I.
Metabolic flexibility and carnitine flux: The role of carnitine acyltransferase in glucose homeostasis
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Mus musculus
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Seiler, S.E.; Martin, O.J.; Noland, R.C.; Slentz, D.H.; DeBalsi, K.L.; Ilkayeva, O.R.; An, J.; Newgard, C.B.; Koves, T.R.; Muoio, D.M.
Obesity and lipid stress inhibit carnitine acetyltransferase activity
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Cavia porcellus, Rattus norvegicus
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Berg, S.M.; Beck-Nielsen, H.; Faergeman, N.J.; Gaster, M.
Carnitine acetyltransferase A new player in skeletal muscle insulin resistance?
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2017
Homo sapiens (P43155), Homo sapiens
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Altamimi, T.R.; Thomas, P.D.; Darwesh, A.M.; Fillmore, N.; Mahmoud, M.U.; Zhang, L.; Gupta, A.; Al Batran, R.; Seubert, J.M.; Lopaschuk, G.D.
Cytosolic carnitine acetyltransferase as a source of cytosolic acetyl-CoA a possible mechanism for regulation of cardiac energy metabolism
Biochem. J.
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2018
Mus musculus (P47934), Mus musculus
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Reichenbach, A.; Stark, R.; Mequinion, M.; Denis, R.R.G.; Goularte, J.F.; Clarke, R.E.; Lockie, S.H.; Lemus, M.B.; Kowalski, G.M.; Bruce, C.R.; Huang, C.; Schittenhelm, R.B.; Mynatt, R.L.; Oldfield, B.J.; Watt, M.J.; Luquet, S.; Andrews, Z.B.
AgRP neurons require carnitine acetyltransferase to regulate metabolic flexibility and peripheral nutrient partitioning
Cell Rep.
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2018
Mus musculus (P47934)
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Laera, L.; Punzi, G.; Porcelli, V.; Gambacorta, N.; Trisolini, L.; Pierri, C.L.; De Grassi, A.
CRAT missense variants cause abnormal carnitine acetyltransferase function in an early-onset case of Leigh syndrome
Hum. Mutat.
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2020
Homo sapiens (P43155), Homo sapiens
brenda