1.1.1.365: D-galacturonate reductase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about D-galacturonate reductase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.1.1.365
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1.1.1.365
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l-ascorbic
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pectin
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ascorbate
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asa
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galurs
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dehydratase
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niger
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hypocrea
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ripening
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strawberry
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jecorina
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ripe
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l-galactono-1,4-lactone
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l-galactose
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trichoderma
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solanum
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reesei
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l-gulono-1,4-lactone
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pectin-rich
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gdp-d-mannose
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d-glucuronic
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dehydroascorbate
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synthesis
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nutrition
- 1.1.1.365
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l-ascorbic
- pectin
- ascorbate
- asa
- galurs
- dehydratase
- niger
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hypocrea
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ripening
- strawberry
- jecorina
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ripe
- l-galactono-1,4-lactone
- l-galactose
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trichoderma
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solanum
- reesei
- l-gulono-1,4-lactone
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pectin-rich
- gdp-d-mannose
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d-glucuronic
- dehydroascorbate
- synthesis
- nutrition
Reaction
Synonyms
AKR2, AnGaaA, AnGar1, Cd-GAR, D-galacturonate reductase, D-galacturonic acid reductase, D-galacturonic acid reductases, FaGalUR, gaaA, GalA reductase, galacturonate reductase, GalUR, gar1, GAR2, NADPH-dependent D-galacturonate reductase, PcGOR
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General Information
General Information on EC 1.1.1.365 - D-galacturonate reductase
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evolution
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
HV538330
the enzyme belongs to the NAD(P)+-binding Rossmann fold oxidoreductase family of proteins
evolution
AnGaaA is identified as the bona fide GalA reductase in Aspergillus niger. AnGaaA is not related to Gar1 proteins
evolution
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the enzyme belongs to the NAD(P)+-binding Rossmann fold oxidoreductase family of proteins
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deletion of the NADPH-dependent D-galacturonate reductase gene results in strains unable to grow on D-galacturonate
malfunction
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deletion of the NADPH-dependent D-galacturonate reductase gene results in strains unable to grow on D-galacturonate
malfunction
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deletion of the NADPH-dependent D-galacturonate reductase gene results in strains unable to grow on D-galacturonate
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malfunction
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deletion of the NADPH-dependent D-galacturonate reductase gene results in strains unable to grow on D-galacturonate
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D-galacturonic acid reductase is a key enzyme of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway
metabolism
after import via the D-galacturonic acid transporter encoded by An14g04280, D-galacturonic acid is catabolized by three key enzymes: D-galacturonic acid reductase, L-galactonate dehydratase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-galactonate aldolase, in Aspegillus niger. The first step in the D-galacturonic acid metabolism is the enzymatic conversion of D-galacturonic acid to L-galactonic acid by D-galacturonic acid reductase. Overexpression of the Aspergillus niger GatA transporter leads to preferential uptake of D-galacturonic acid over D-xylose of mutant strain JS013 and enanced use of D-galacturonic acid compared to D-xylose. Increased activity of the D-galacturonic acid metabolic pathway is observed for strain JS013 transformant strain in comparison to the control
metabolism
D-galacturonate reductase (GalUR) is important in the ascorbic acid biosynthetic pathway
metabolism
enzyme D-galacturonic acid reductase, GalUR, is involved in the D-galacturonic acid pathway for ascorbic acid biosynthesis
metabolism
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D-galacturonate reductase (GalUR) is a key enzyme involved in D-galacturonate pathway of AsA biosynthesis. L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis through the L-galactose pathway supplemented by D-galacturonic acid pathway and AsA recycling collectively contributes to accumulating and remaining higher AsA level in kiwifruit cv. White during postharvest. L-Galactose dehydrogenase (GalDH) activity and relative expressions of the genes encoding GDP-D-mannose diphosphorylase (GMP), L-galactose-1-P phosphatase (GPP), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP), GalDH and GalUR are important for regulation of AsA biosynthesis. The activity and expression of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) are primarily responsible for regulation of AsA recycling in kiwifruit cv. White during postharvest. Changes in activities of enzymes involved in AsA metabolism in the fruit during storage, quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis. A minor change is observed in GalUR activity. The relative expression of GalUR increases sharply to a peak at day 13, and then decreases gradually and continuously
metabolism
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after import via the D-galacturonic acid transporter encoded by An14g04280, D-galacturonic acid is catabolized by three key enzymes: D-galacturonic acid reductase, L-galactonate dehydratase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-galactonate aldolase, in Aspegillus niger. The first step in the D-galacturonic acid metabolism is the enzymatic conversion of D-galacturonic acid to L-galactonic acid by D-galacturonic acid reductase. Overexpression of the Aspergillus niger GatA transporter leads to preferential uptake of D-galacturonic acid over D-xylose of mutant strain JS013 and enanced use of D-galacturonic acid compared to D-xylose. Increased activity of the D-galacturonic acid metabolic pathway is observed for strain JS013 transformant strain in comparison to the control
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metabolism
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D-galacturonic acid reductase is a key enzyme of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway
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enzyme expression correlates with changing ascorbic acid content in strawberry fruit during ripening. Overexpression of the enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances vitamin C content 2-3fold
physiological function
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overexpression of strawberry D-galacturonic acid reductase in potato leads to accumulation of vitamin C with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance induced by methyl viologen, NaCl or mannitol
physiological function
all of transgenic Solanum lycopersicum lines overexpressing the Fragaria ananassa D-galacturonic acid reductase gene are morphologically indistinguishable over different generations from control lines both in vegetative traits, such as leaf size or plant height, and fruit traits such as color or size. The majority of transgenic plants display a slight increase in fruit yield, up to 1.4fold, which is a consequence of an increase in the number of fruits rather than an increase in fruit weight. The plants show no significant changes in soluble solids of transgenic plants, but a reduction in acidity. Transgenic lines show a moderate increase on AsA content, and complex changes in metabolites are found in transgenic fruits. Phenotypes, overview
physiological function
D-galacturonate reductase (GalUR) plays a prominent role in the regulation of the ascorbate biosynthetic pathway. The overexpression of gene GalUR gene enhances the level of ascorbate and Fe(II) of transgenic tomato plants which show better growth than wild-type plants under iron stresses. Ascorbate is a cofactor for many enzymes and affects the expression of genes involved in defense signaling pathways. It plays an important role as an antioxidant and protects the plant during oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species that are generated during photosynthesis, oxidative metabolism and various abiotic stresses including excess light, soil water stress, UV-B radiation, and ozone
physiological function
L-ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid pool size accumulation in the leaves of Rosa roxburghii are regulated by both biosynthesis and recycling, and enzyme D-galacturonic acid reductase, GalUR, in the D-galacturonic acid pathway and monodehydroascorbate reductase, MDHAR, in the recycling pathway play important roles in this process
physiological function
the D-galacturonic acid reductase catalyzes the conversion of D-galacturonic acid to L-galactonic acid in plant. The D-galacturonic acid, known as an abundant component of the cell wall, is a degradation product of pectin in senescencing plant cells. The expression levels of FaGalUR are correlated with increased ascorbate content in ripe strawberry fruit. Fragaria x ananassa gene FaGalUR expression improves salt and cold tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum fruits, and improves tolerance to oxidative stress in tomato
physiological function
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Penicillium camemberti reduces the C-1 carbon of D-glucuronate and C-4 epimer D-galacturonate to their corresponding aldonic acids, important reactions in both pectin catabolism and ascorbate biosynthesis. Enzyme PcGOR is active on both glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid, with similar substrate specificities (kcat/Km) using the preferred cosubstrate NADPH. Substrate acceptance extends to lactone congeners, and D-glucurono-3,6-lactone is converted to L-gulono-1,4-lactone, an immediate precursor of ascorbate