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(1S)-camphorquinone + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
(3R,4S/3S,4R)-3,4-(cis)acetate-beta-lactam + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxyazetidine-2,3-diyl diacetate + NADP+
-
screening of 19 individual yeast reductases for their effciency and enantioselectivity, overview
stereochemistry of products of the different enzymes, detailed overview
-
?
(S)-1-indanol + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-1-tetralol + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
1-butanal + NADPH + H+
1-butanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
1-butanal + NADPH + H+
butanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
1-decanal + NADPH + H+
1-decanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
1-decanol + NADP+
decanal + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
1-dodecanal + NADPH + H+
dodecanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
1-heptanal + NADPH + H+
heptanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
1-hexanal + NADPH + H+
1-hexanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
1-hexanal + NADPH + H+
hexanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
1-hydroxynonen-4-one + NADPH
1,4-dihydroxynon-2-ene + NADP+
-
-
-
?
1-nonanal + NADPH + H+
1-nonanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
1-nonanal + NADPH + H+
nonanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
1-nonanol + NADP+
nonanal + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleryl)sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + NADPH
1-palmitoyl-2-(5-hydroxyvaleryl)sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleryl)sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + NADPH + H+
? + NADP+
ALR2
-
-
?
1-propanal + NADPH + H+
1-propanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
1-tetradecanol + NADP+
tetradecanal + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
11-deoxyisocorticosterone + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
?
16-ketoestrone + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-bornanedione + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-butanedione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-heptanedione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,3-hexanedione + NADPH + H+
?
2,3-pentanedione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,4-decadienal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,4-nonadienal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-D-deoxy-2-fluoro-galactose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
r
2-D-deoxygalactose + NADPH
?
2-decenal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-galactose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
r
2-deoxyribose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
r
2-hexenal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-nonenal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-phenyl-2-propenal + NADPH + H+
2-phenyl-1-propanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
20-isocortisol + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
?
20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
20alpha-isocorticosterone + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
?
21-dehydrocortisol + NADPH + H+
?
3,4-hexanedione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-deoxyglucosone + NADPH + H+
?
3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal + NADPH + H+
? + NADP+
-
-
-
?
3-nitrobenzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
3-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde + NADPH + H+
3-pyridinemethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
4-bromobenzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
4-bromobenzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
4-carboxybenzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
4-carboxybenzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal + NADPH + H+
1,4-dihydroxynonane + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde + NAD(P)H
4-hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
?
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)H
4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NADP+
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
4-oxonon-2-enal + NADPH + H+
1-hydroxynonen-4-one + NADP+
-
-
-
?
4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde + NADPH + H+
4-pyridinemethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
5-pregnene-3beta,20alpha-diol + NADPH
?
-
-
-
?
5alpha-pregnan-20alpha-ol-3-one + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
8-acetyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,4H-11-oxa-3a-aza-benzo[de]anthracen-10-one + NADPH + H+
? + NADP+
fluorogenic synthetic substrate
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+
ethanol + NAD(P)+
acetaldehyde + NADPH + H+
ethanol + NADP+
acetol + NADPH
propane-1,2 diol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
acrolein + NADPH
2-propen-1-ol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
acrolein + NADPH + H+
2-propen-1-ol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
benzaldehyde + NAD(P)H
benzyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
benzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
benzyl alcohol + NADP+
benzyl alcohol + oxidized 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + H+
benzaldehyde + reduced 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
butyraldehyde + NAD(P)H
butanol + NAD(P)+
D-arabinose + NADPH
arabitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
D-arabinose + NADPH + H+
arabitol + NADP+
D-erythrose + NAD(P)H
erythritol + NAD(P)+
D-erythrose + NADPH + H+
?
D-fructose + NAD(P)H + H+
D-arabino-hexitol + NAD(P)+
D-fucose + NADPH
fucitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NAD(P)H
dulcitol + NAD(P)+
D-galactose + NADPH + H+
?
D-galactose + NADPH + H+
D-galactitol + NADP+
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucuronate + NAD(P)H
?
D-glucuronate + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucuronate + NADPH
? + NADP+
D-glucuronolactone + NADPH
?
D-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
D-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
D-lactaldehyde + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-lactoaldehyde + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
D-lyxose + NADPH
arabitol + NADP+
D-mannose + NAD(P)H
mannitol + NAD(P)+
D-ribose + NAD(P)H
ribitol + NAD(P)+
D-ribose + NADPH
adonitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
D-ribose + NADPH + H+
adonitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-ribose + NADPH + H+
D-ribitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-ribose 5-phosphate + NADPH
D-ribitol 5-phosphate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
D-tagatose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
D-xylose + NADPH + H+
D-xylitol + NADP+
D-xylose + NADPH + H+
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-xylose 5-phosphate + NADPH
D-xylitol 5-phosphate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylulose + NADPH + H+
D-xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
decanal + NAD(P)H
decanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
dihydroxyacetone + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NADP+
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
DL-glycerol + NADP+
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
farnesal + NADPH + H+
trans,trans-farnesol + NADP+
specific substrate
-
-
?
geraniol + NADP+
geranial + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
geranylgeranial + NADPH + H+
geranylgeraniol + NADP+
specific substrate
-
-
?
glucose + NADPH
sorbitol + NADP+
glutathione-4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal + NADPH + H+
glutathione-1,4-dihydroxynonane + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glutathione-S-4-oxonon-2-enal + NADPH
S-(1-hydroxy-4-oxonona-3-yl)glutathione + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
glycoaldehyde + NADPH
ethylene glycol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glycoaldehyde + NADPH + H+
ethylene glycol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glycolaldehyde + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
glyoxal + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
hexanal + NADPH + H+
hexanol + NADP+
indole-3-acetaldehyde + NAD(P)H
indole-3-ethanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
isatin + NADPH + H+
3-hydroxyisatin + NADP+
specific substrate
-
-
?
isatin + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
isobutyraldehyde + NADPH + H+
isobutanol + NADP+
isocaproaldehyde + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
isophthalaldehyde + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
L-arabinose + NAD(P)H
L-arabitol + NAD(P)+
L-arabinose + NADPH
arabitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
L-fucose + NADPH
fucitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
L-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
? + NADP+
-
-
-
?
L-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
L-idose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
L-lyxose + NADPH
arabitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
L-rhamnose + NADPH
L-rhamnitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
L-ribose + NADPH
adonitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
L-sorbose + NADPH + H+
L-sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
L-xylose + NAD(P)H
L-xylitol + NAD(P)+
L-xylose + NADP+
xylitol + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
malondialdehyde + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+
?
methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+
acetol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
n-pentanal + NAD(P)H + H+
n-pentanol + NAD(P)+
nerol + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
octanal + NADPH + H+
1-octanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
octanal + NADPH + H+
octanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
pentose + NADPH
pentitol + NADP+
pentose + NADPH + H+
pentiol + NADP+
phenyl-1,2-propanedione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
phenylglyoxal + NAD(P)H
?
phenylglyoxal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
propanal + NADPH + H+
n-propanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
propionaldehyde + NAD(P)H
propanol + NAD(P)+
pyridine-3-aldehyde + NAD(P)H
3-hydroxypyridine + NAD(P)+
pyridine-3-aldehyde + NADPH + H+
3-pyridinemethanol + NADP+
pyridine-3-methanol + NADP+
?
-
-
-
?
pyridine-3-methanol + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
pyridine-4-aldehyde + NAD(P)H
4-hydroxypyridine + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
pyridine-4-aldehyde + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxypyridine + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
pyridinecarboxaldehyde + NAD(P)H
pyridylmethanol + NAD(P)+
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH + H+
succinic semialdehyde + NADH + H+
4-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+
trans-2-buten-1-al + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
trans-2-decen-1-al + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
trans-2-hexen-1-al + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
trans-2-nonen-1-al + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
additional information
?
-
2,3-hexanedione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
2,3-hexanedione + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-D-deoxygalactose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
r
2-D-deoxygalactose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
2-D-deoxygalactose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
r
21-dehydrocortisol + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
21-dehydrocortisol + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
3-deoxyglucosone + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
3-deoxyglucosone + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxynonenal + NADPH + H+
4-hydroxynonanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)H
4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)H
4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)H
4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)H
4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
4-nitrobenzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+
ethanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+
ethanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADPH + H+
ethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADPH + H+
ethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADPH + H+
ethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
Euonymus sp.
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
286186, 286221, 286239, 286240, 286241, 286242, 286244, 286253, 286261, 286262, 286264 -
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
10% oxidation activity compared to reduction reaction
-
-
r
alditol + NAD(P)+
aldose + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
?
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
wide specificity
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
wide specificity
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
wide specificity
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
Euonymus sp.
-
wide specificity
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
wide specificity
-
-
?
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
wide specificity
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
wide specificity
-
-
r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
-
wide specificity
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway, in which reduction of glucose to sorbitol is coupled with NADPH oxidation
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway, in which reduction of glucose to sorbitol is coupled with NADPH oxidation, the enzyme activity is negatively regulated by nitric oxide in the eye lens
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
increased enzyme activity and oxidative or nitrosative stress are involved in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, overview
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
the enzyme prevents lipid aldehyde-induced cytotoxicity leading to apoptosis in cultured lens epithelial cells, effects of diverse saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, overview
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
upregulation of the enzyme by homocysteine in type II alveolar epithelial cells can lead to cell damage and pulmonary disease, overview
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
the enzyme mediates the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of inflammatory mediators in macrophages, overview, inhibition of the aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme modulates NF-kappaB-dependent activation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mouse serum, liver, heart, and spleen, overview
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway, in which reduction of glucose to sorbitol is coupled with NADPH oxidation, the enzyme activity is negatively regulated by nitric oxide in the eye lens, the activity in diabetic rat lens is increased due to reduced NO concentration, overview
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway, pathway network overview
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
increased enzyme activity and oxidative or nitrosative stress are involved in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, overview
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD(P)H
benzyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD(P)H
benzyl alcohol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
benzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
benzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
benzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
benzyl alcohol + oxidized 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + H+
benzaldehyde + reduced 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
-
-
-
-
?
benzyl alcohol + oxidized 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide + H+
benzaldehyde + reduced 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
-
-
-
-
r
butyraldehyde + NAD(P)H
butanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
butyraldehyde + NAD(P)H
butanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
butyraldehyde + NAD(P)H
butanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
D-arabinose + NADPH + H+
arabitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-arabinose + NADPH + H+
arabitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-erythrose + NAD(P)H
erythritol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
D-erythrose + NAD(P)H
erythritol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-erythrose + NAD(P)H
erythritol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
D-erythrose + NAD(P)H
erythritol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-erythrose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-erythrose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-fructose + NAD(P)H + H+
D-arabino-hexitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-fructose + NAD(P)H + H+
D-arabino-hexitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NAD(P)H
dulcitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NAD(P)H
dulcitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NAD(P)H
dulcitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NAD(P)H
dulcitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
D-galactose + NAD(P)H
dulcitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NAD(P)H
dulcitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NADPH
?
Euonymus sp.
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-galactose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-galactose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-galactose + NADPH + H+
D-galactitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-galactose + NADPH + H+
D-galactitol + NADP+
-
GRE3 is responsible for about 55% of the total galactose reductase activity in the wild type strain
-
-
?
D-galactose + NADPH + H+
D-galactitol + NADP+
-
GRE3 is responsible for about 55% of the total galactose reductase activity in the wild type strain
-
-
?
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
low activity
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NAD(P)H
sorbitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
low affinity for D-glucose
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
the aldose reductase pathway has been demonstrated to be a key component of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, inhibition of AR protects the ischemic myocardium and is associated with improved energy metabolism, overview, pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme or sorbitol dehydrogenase blocks JAK2 and STAT5 activation and is associated with lower lactate/pyruvate ratio and lower protein kinase C activity, mechanism, overview
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
the aldose reductase polyol pathway pathway and advanced glycation end products, AGEs, are involved in myocardial ischemic injury in diabetis, mechanism, AGE interacts with its receptor, RAGE, resulting in cardiac dysfunction, overview, genetic polymorphisms associated with the human aldose reductase gene have been found to be associated with diabetic complications, mechanisms implicated in polyol pathwaylinked functional abnormalities include myoinositol depletion and associated impaired phosphatidylinositol metabolism, osmotic imbalance due to accumulation of sorbitol, and decreased availability of NADPH
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
aldose reductase, ALR2
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
ALR2
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
the aldose reductase polyol pathway pathway and advanced glycation end products, AGEs, are involved in myocardial ischemic injury in diabetis, mechanisms implicated in polyol pathwaylinked functional abnormalities include myoinositol depletion and associated impaired phosphatidylinositol metabolism, osmotic imbalance due to accumulation of sorbitol, and decreased availability of NADPH
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
the aldose reductase pathway has been demonstrated to be a key component of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, inhibition of AR protects the ischemic myocardium and is associated with improved energy metabolism, overview, pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme or sorbitol dehydrogenase blocks JAK2 and STAT5 activation and is associated with lower lactate/pyruvate ratio and lower protein kinase C activity, mechanism, overview
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
aldose reductase, ALR2
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-glucuronate + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucuronate + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucuronate + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucuronate + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
r
D-glucuronate + NADPH
? + NADP+
-
substrate of aldehyde reductase ALR1
-
-
?
D-glucuronate + NADPH
? + NADP+
-
substrate of aldehyde reductase ALR1
-
-
?
D-glucuronolactone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
D-glucuronolactone + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
D-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
D-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
r
D-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
r
D-lyxose + NADPH
arabitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
D-lyxose + NADPH
arabitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-mannose + NAD(P)H
mannitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-mannose + NAD(P)H
mannitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-ribose + NAD(P)H
ribitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-ribose + NAD(P)H
ribitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-ribose + NAD(P)H
ribitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-ribose + NAD(P)H
ribitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-ribose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-ribose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
low activity
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NAD(P)H
xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
Torulopsis molishiama
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH
xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH + H+
D-xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
D-xylose + NADPH + H+
D-xylitol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)H
glycerol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NADP+
substrate of aldose reductase ALR2
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NADP+
-
substrate of aldose reductase ALR2
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NADP+
-
substrate of aldose reductase ALR2
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
DL-glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
DL-glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
DL-glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
DL-glycerol + NADP+
AKR1B10
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
DL-glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glucose + NADPH
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glucose + NADPH
sorbitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
glycerol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
glyoxal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
glyoxal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
glyoxal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
hexanal + NADPH + H+
hexanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
hexanal + NADPH + H+
hexanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
isobutyraldehyde + NADPH + H+
isobutanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
isobutyraldehyde + NADPH + H+
isobutanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
L-arabinose + NAD(P)H
L-arabitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
L-arabinose + NAD(P)H
L-arabitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
L-arabinose + NAD(P)H
L-arabitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
L-arabinose + NAD(P)H
L-arabitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
L-idose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
L-idose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action
-
-
?
L-idose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
L-idose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
L-idose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
L-threose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
L-threose + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
L-xylose + NAD(P)H
L-xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
L-xylose + NAD(P)H
L-xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
L-xylose + NAD(P)H
L-xylitol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
methylglyoxal + NADPH
?
-
i.e. pyruvaldehyde
-
-
?
methylglyoxal + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
methylglyoxal + NADPH
?
-
-
-
-
?
methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
?
methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+
?
-
-
-
?
n-pentanal + NAD(P)H + H+
n-pentanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
n-pentanal + NAD(P)H + H+
n-pentanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
pentose + NADPH
pentitol + NADP+
-
with hexoses and sugar phosphates as substrate the activity was only 5-10% of that with pentoses
-
-
r
pentose + NADPH
pentitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pentose + NADPH
pentitol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pentose + NADPH + H+
pentiol + NADP+
-
with hexoses and sugar phosphates as substrate the activity is 5-10% of that with pentoses
-
-
r
pentose + NADPH + H+
pentiol + NADP+
-
D-isoforms of pentoses show less than 10% activity compared to the L-isoforms
-
-
r
phenylglyoxal + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
?
phenylglyoxal + NAD(P)H
?
-
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD(P)H
propanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD(P)H
propanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD(P)H
propanol + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
?
pyridine-3-aldehyde + NAD(P)H
3-hydroxypyridine + NAD(P)+
-
low-KM enzyme subtype
-
-
r
pyridine-3-aldehyde + NAD(P)H
3-hydroxypyridine + NAD(P)+
-
-
-
-
r
pyridine-3-aldehyde + NADPH + H+
3-pyridinemethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
pyridine-3-aldehyde + NADPH + H+
3-pyridinemethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyridine-3-aldehyde + NADPH + H+
3-pyridinemethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
pyridine-3-aldehyde + NADPH + H+
3-pyridinemethanol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
pyridinecarboxaldehyde + NAD(P)H
pyridylmethanol + NAD(P)+
-
2-, 3- and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde
-
-
?
pyridinecarboxaldehyde + NAD(P)H
pyridylmethanol + NAD(P)+
-
2-, 3- and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde
-
-
?
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH + H+
-
aldehyde reductase, ALR1
-
-
?
sorbitol + NAD+
D-fructose + NADH + H+
-
aldehyde reductase, ALR1
-
-
?
succinic semialdehyde + NADH + H+
4-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
succinic semialdehyde + NADH + H+
4-hydroxybutyrate + NAD+
-
-
-
-
?
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
-
r
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
-
r
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
-
r
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
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r
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
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r
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
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r
xylitol + NAD(P)+
D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
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r
additional information
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due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by aldose reductase occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant enzyme substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation
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additional information
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due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by aldose reductase occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant enzyme substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation
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additional information
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ability of the enzyme to interact and reduce highly hydrophilic and bulky substrates, substrate specificity an kinetics, overview
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additional information
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ability of the enzyme to interact and reduce highly hydrophilic and bulky substrates, substrate specificity an kinetics, overview
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additional information
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despite being claimed as an in vivo substrate of aldehyde reductase, D-glucose is not an ideal substrate for the enzyme. It displays a kcat comparable with other physiological and nonphysiological substrates. Glucose is poorly recognized by the enzyme with a measured KM ranging between 35 and 212 mM. L-idose, the C5 epimer of D-glucose, is a good substrate in studies on aldose reductase and for measurement of enzyme activity, as it mimics glucose and confirms the multitask nature of the catalytic site. L-Idose offers a much more suitable concentration of the free aldehyde form for activity measurements
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additional information
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despite being claimed as an in vivo substrate of aldehyde reductase, D-glucose is not an ideal substrate for the enzyme. It displays a kcat comparable with other physiological and nonphysiological substrates. Glucose is poorly recognized by the enzyme with a measured KM ranging between 35 and 212 mM. L-idose, the C5 epimer of D-glucose, is a good substrate in studies on aldose reductase and for measurement of enzyme activity, as it mimics glucose and confirms the multitask nature of the catalytic site. L-Idose offers a much more suitable concentration of the free aldehyde form for activity measurements
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additional information
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requirement for a free aldehyde group
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poor substrates: D-glucose, D-fructose. No substrate: D-mannose
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requirement for a free aldehyde group
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additional information
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Euonymus sp.
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requirement for a free aldehyde group
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oxidation of polyols to polyolaldehydes by NADP+ proceeds very slowly
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oxidation of alcohols by NADP+ is negligible at 25°C, measurable at 37°C
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enzyme involved in metabolism of corticosteroids
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enzyme of sorbitol (polyol) pathway
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enzyme is a critical regulator of TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic signaling in endothelial cells
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additional information
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reduction occurs first at aldehyde group and then at ketone site
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additional information
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the enzyme is involved in pathogenesis of diabetic disease
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additional information
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the enzyme may serve as an extrahepatic detoxification enzyme against endogenous and xenobiotic aldehydes in various tissues or cells
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additional information
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the enzyme reduces toxic lipid aldehydes and their conjugates with glutathione, besides reducing aldo-sugars efficiently, inhibition of AR prevents growth factor-induced COX-2 activity, reduces COX-2 protein and mRNA, and significantly decreases activation of nuclear factor-KB and protein kinase C, and phosphorylation of PKC-B2 as well as progression of Caco-2 cell growth but has no effect on COX-1 activity, reduces PGE2 synthesis and lipid-adehyde signaling, e.g. by 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, overview
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additional information
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the enzyme regulates TGF-beta1-induced production of fibronectin and type IV collagen, overview
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additional information
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aldose reductase can mediate the transforming growth factor-beta1-induced fibronectin production, which may associate with activator protein-1 activation
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additional information
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AKR1B10 does not reduce D-glucose
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additional information
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AKR1B10 does not reduce D-glucose
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additional information
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due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by aldose reductase occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant enzyme substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation
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-
?
additional information
?
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due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by aldose reductase occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant enzyme substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation
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?
additional information
?
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ability of the enzyme to interact and reduce highly hydrophilic and bulky substrates, substrate specificity an kinetics, overview
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?
additional information
?
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ability of the enzyme to interact and reduce highly hydrophilic and bulky substrates, substrate specificity an kinetics, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
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despite being claimed as an in vivo substrate of aldehyde reductase, D-glucose is not an ideal substrate for the enzyme. It displays a kcat comparable with other physiological and nonphysiological substrates. Glucose is poorly recognized by the enzyme with a measured KM ranging between 35 and 212 mM. L-idose, the C5 epimer of D-glucose, is a good substrate in studies on aldose reductase and for measurement of enzyme activity, as it mimics glucose and confirms the multitask nature of the catalytic site. L-Idose offers a much more suitable concentration of the free aldehyde form for activity measurements
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?
additional information
?
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despite being claimed as an in vivo substrate of aldehyde reductase, D-glucose is not an ideal substrate for the enzyme. It displays a kcat comparable with other physiological and nonphysiological substrates. Glucose is poorly recognized by the enzyme with a measured KM ranging between 35 and 212 mM. L-idose, the C5 epimer of D-glucose, is a good substrate in studies on aldose reductase and for measurement of enzyme activity, as it mimics glucose and confirms the multitask nature of the catalytic site. L-Idose offers a much more suitable concentration of the free aldehyde form for activity measurements
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additional information
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aldose reductase plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha phosphorylation and activity and lipid homeostasis
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additional information
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reduction of carnosine-propanal conjugates in murine tissues, overview
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additional information
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reduction of carnosine-propanal conjugates in murine tissues, overview
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additional information
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protective role of enzyme against methylglyoxal induced cell damage
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additional information
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protective role of enzyme against methylglyoxal induced cell damage, cytotoxic effect of methylglyoxal is enhanced in presence of ponalrestat
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additional information
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the enzyme regulates high-glucose-induced growth and contributes to diabetic hyperproliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibition of the enzyme also increases vascular oxidative stress, overview
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additional information
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the enzyme shows increased activity and is redox activated in ischemic heart
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additional information
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aldose reductase regulates high glucose-induced ectodomain shedding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha via protein kinase C-delta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme in vascular smooth muscle cells
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additional information
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exhibits low NADP+-linked dehydrogenase activity towards aliphatic and aromatic alcohols
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no NADH-linked reductase activity is observed
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additional information
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the enzyme catalyzes the reduction of a wide range of substances, including prostaglandin H2, phospholipid aldehydes, lipid peroxidation products, environmental pollutants and their glutathione conjugates
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uses both NADH and NADPH
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additional information
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uses both NADH and NADPH
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additional information
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the enzyme catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of aldehydes, xenobiotic aldehydes, ketones, trioses, and triose phosphates
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additional information
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specific for NADPH
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