1.1.1.21: aldose reductase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about aldose reductase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.1.1.21
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1.1.1.21
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lens
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nerve
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neuropathy
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sorbinil
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cataract
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mellitus
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retinopathy
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hyperglycemia
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glycation
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streptozotocin
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galactose
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sciatic
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fructose
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retinal
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endothelial
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streptozotocin-induced
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myo-inositol
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erythrocyte
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reductases
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nadph-dependent
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streptozotocin-diabetic
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microvascular
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galactosemic
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galactitol
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hypertonic
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diabetes-induced
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stz-induced
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opacity
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antidiabetic
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glucose-induced
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osmolytes
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pericytes
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nondiabetic
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cataractogenesis
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galactose-induced
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microangiopathy
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endoneurial
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xylitol
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sural
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hne
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hyperglycemia-induced
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polyneuropathy
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lenticular
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glycaemic
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mesangial
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synthesis
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opacification
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stz-diabetic
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alr
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akr1c3
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microaneurysms
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nutrition
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medicine
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drug development
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diagnostics
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biotechnology
- 1.1.1.21
- lens
- nerve
- neuropathy
- sorbinil
- cataract
- mellitus
- retinopathy
- hyperglycemia
-
glycation
- streptozotocin
- galactose
-
sciatic
- fructose
- retinal
- endothelial
-
streptozotocin-induced
- myo-inositol
- erythrocyte
- reductases
-
nadph-dependent
-
streptozotocin-diabetic
-
microvascular
-
galactosemic
- galactitol
-
hypertonic
-
diabetes-induced
-
stz-induced
- opacity
-
antidiabetic
-
glucose-induced
-
osmolytes
- pericytes
-
nondiabetic
-
cataractogenesis
-
galactose-induced
- microangiopathy
-
endoneurial
- xylitol
-
sural
- hne
-
hyperglycemia-induced
- polyneuropathy
-
lenticular
-
glycaemic
-
mesangial
- synthesis
-
opacification
-
stz-diabetic
- alr
- akr1c3
- microaneurysms
- nutrition
- medicine
- drug development
- diagnostics
- biotechnology
Reaction
Synonyms
17betaHSD5, 20-alpha-HSD, 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, AdhA, AKR1B, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1B13, AKR1B14, AKR1B3, AKR1C3, AKR4C7, aldehyde reductase, alditol/NADP+ oxidoreductase, alditol: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, alditol:NAD(P)+1oxidoreductase, alditol:NADP 1-oxidoreductase, alditol:NADP oxidoreductase, aldo-keto reductase, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B7, aldoketo reductase 1C3, aldose reductase, aldose reductase 2, aldose reductase-like, aldose reductase-like protein, aldose xylose reductase, ALDRXV4, ALR, ALR1, ALR2, AR, ARI, BAR, EC 1.1.1.139, Fibroblast growth factor regulated protein, FR-1 protein, GRE3, HAR, HRAR, isobutyraldehyde reductase, More, MVDP, NADPH dependent xylose reductase, NADPH-aldopentose reductase, NADPH-aldose reductase, polyol dehydrogenase (NADP2), RLAR, small intestine reductase, TPN-polyol dehydrogenase, VAS deferens androgen-dependent protein, YqhD
ECTree
1.1.1.21 aldose reductaseAdvanced search results
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results (Natural Substrates Products
Natural Substrates Products on EC 1.1.1.21 - aldose reductase
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE 
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal + NADPH + H+
1,4-dihydroxynonane + NADP+
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-
-
-
?
glutathione-4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal + NADPH + H+
glutathione-1,4-dihydroxynonane + NADP+
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-
-
-
?
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
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-
-
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r
aldose + NAD(P)H
alditol + NAD(P)+
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-
-
-
r
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway
-
-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
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first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway, in which reduction of glucose to sorbitol is coupled with NADPH oxidation
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-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
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first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway, in which reduction of glucose to sorbitol is coupled with NADPH oxidation, the enzyme activity is negatively regulated by nitric oxide in the eye lens
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-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
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increased enzyme activity and oxidative or nitrosative stress are involved in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, overview
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-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
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the enzyme prevents lipid aldehyde-induced cytotoxicity leading to apoptosis in cultured lens epithelial cells, effects of diverse saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, overview
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-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
upregulation of the enzyme by homocysteine in type II alveolar epithelial cells can lead to cell damage and pulmonary disease, overview
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-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
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the enzyme mediates the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of inflammatory mediators in macrophages, overview, inhibition of the aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme modulates NF-kappaB-dependent activation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mouse serum, liver, heart, and spleen, overview
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-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
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first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway, in which reduction of glucose to sorbitol is coupled with NADPH oxidation, the enzyme activity is negatively regulated by nitric oxide in the eye lens, the activity in diabetic rat lens is increased due to reduced NO concentration, overview
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-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
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first and rate-limiting step in the polyol pathway, pathway network overview
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-
?
aldose + NADPH + H+
alditol + NADP+
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increased enzyme activity and oxidative or nitrosative stress are involved in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, overview
-
-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action
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-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol + NADP+
glucose free aldehyde is conceivably the form that is susceptible to the enzyme action
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-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
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the aldose reductase pathway has been demonstrated to be a key component of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, inhibition of AR protects the ischemic myocardium and is associated with improved energy metabolism, overview, pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme or sorbitol dehydrogenase blocks JAK2 and STAT5 activation and is associated with lower lactate/pyruvate ratio and lower protein kinase C activity, mechanism, overview
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-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
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the aldose reductase polyol pathway pathway and advanced glycation end products, AGEs, are involved in myocardial ischemic injury in diabetis, mechanism, AGE interacts with its receptor, RAGE, resulting in cardiac dysfunction, overview, genetic polymorphisms associated with the human aldose reductase gene have been found to be associated with diabetic complications, mechanisms implicated in polyol pathwaylinked functional abnormalities include myoinositol depletion and associated impaired phosphatidylinositol metabolism, osmotic imbalance due to accumulation of sorbitol, and decreased availability of NADPH
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?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
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the aldose reductase polyol pathway pathway and advanced glycation end products, AGEs, are involved in myocardial ischemic injury in diabetis, mechanisms implicated in polyol pathwaylinked functional abnormalities include myoinositol depletion and associated impaired phosphatidylinositol metabolism, osmotic imbalance due to accumulation of sorbitol, and decreased availability of NADPH
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-
?
D-glucose + NADPH + H+
sorbitol + NADP+
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the aldose reductase pathway has been demonstrated to be a key component of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, inhibition of AR protects the ischemic myocardium and is associated with improved energy metabolism, overview, pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme or sorbitol dehydrogenase blocks JAK2 and STAT5 activation and is associated with lower lactate/pyruvate ratio and lower protein kinase C activity, mechanism, overview
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-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NADPH + H+
DL-glycerol + NADP+
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-
-
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?
pentose + NADPH + H+
pentiol + NADP+
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with hexoses and sugar phosphates as substrate the activity is 5-10% of that with pentoses
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-
r
pentose + NADPH + H+
pentiol + NADP+
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D-isoforms of pentoses show less than 10% activity compared to the L-isoforms
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r
additional information
?
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due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by aldose reductase occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant enzyme substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by aldose reductase occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant enzyme substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation
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-
?
additional information
?
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enzyme involved in metabolism of corticosteroids
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?
additional information
?
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enzyme is a critical regulator of TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic signaling in endothelial cells
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme is involved in pathogenesis of diabetic disease
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-
?
additional information
?
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the enzyme may serve as an extrahepatic detoxification enzyme against endogenous and xenobiotic aldehydes in various tissues or cells
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme reduces toxic lipid aldehydes and their conjugates with glutathione, besides reducing aldo-sugars efficiently, inhibition of AR prevents growth factor-induced COX-2 activity, reduces COX-2 protein and mRNA, and significantly decreases activation of nuclear factor-KB and protein kinase C, and phosphorylation of PKC-B2 as well as progression of Caco-2 cell growth but has no effect on COX-1 activity, reduces PGE2 synthesis and lipid-adehyde signaling, e.g. by 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
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the enzyme regulates TGF-beta1-induced production of fibronectin and type IV collagen, overview
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?
additional information
?
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aldose reductase can mediate the transforming growth factor-beta1-induced fibronectin production, which may associate with activator protein-1 activation
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?
additional information
?
-
due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by aldose reductase occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant enzyme substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by aldose reductase occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant enzyme substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
aldose reductase plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha phosphorylation and activity and lipid homeostasis
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?
additional information
?
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reduction of carnosine-propanal conjugates in murine tissues, overview
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?
additional information
?
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reduction of carnosine-propanal conjugates in murine tissues, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
protective role of enzyme against methylglyoxal induced cell damage
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?
additional information
?
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protective role of enzyme against methylglyoxal induced cell damage, cytotoxic effect of methylglyoxal is enhanced in presence of ponalrestat
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?
additional information
?
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-
the enzyme regulates high-glucose-induced growth and contributes to diabetic hyperproliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibition of the enzyme also increases vascular oxidative stress, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme shows increased activity and is redox activated in ischemic heart
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?
additional information
?
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aldose reductase regulates high glucose-induced ectodomain shedding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha via protein kinase C-delta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme in vascular smooth muscle cells
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme catalyzes the reduction of a wide range of substances, including prostaglandin H2, phospholipid aldehydes, lipid peroxidation products, environmental pollutants and their glutathione conjugates
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?
